Effects of resilience, social support, and academic self-efficacy, on mental health among Peruvian university students during the pandemic: the mediating role of digital inclusion.

Background: Mental health of university students has been impacted during the pandemic, highlighting the importance of understanding its psychosocial determinants. Nevertheless, there has been limited exploration into whether the digital inclusion conditions for remote education could mediate the effects that variables such as resilience, social support, and academic self-efficacy may have on mental health. Considering the above, there is evidence that shows a consistent relationship between resilience, social support and academic self-efficacy on mental health, to the extent that these are psychological variables. On the other hand, digital inclusion, which comprehends a contextual variable, not a psychological one, related to ICT access opportunities and mainly focused on the quality of Internet access, should be analyzed in a differential manner. Objectives: This study seeks to analyze the effect of resilience, social support and academic self-efficacy, on the mental health of a group of Peruvian university students; in addition, it seeks to analyze the mediating role of digital inclusion. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 3,147 undergraduate students from a private university in Lima, Perú. From August to October 2020, data were collected online through questionnaire, this include The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), The 10-item version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC10), The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (EMASP), The Perceived Self-Efficacy Specific for Academic Situations Scale (EAPESA) and to measure digital inclusion, the Perceived Quality of Internet Access reported by the students. The levels of participants' anxiety, depression and stress were described using frequency and percentage. Pearson Correlation test was used to measure the correlation between the variables and a Path analysis was conducted. Finally, The PROCESS macro for SPSS (Model 4) was applied to examine the mediating effect of the model controlling gender variable. Results: The results revealed significant levels of extremely severe symptoms of anxiety (36.8%), depression (33.4%) and stress (18.1%) among the participants. A path analysis, which indicated that resilience (ß = -0.346), social support (ß = -0.189), academic self-efficacy (ß = -0.060) and digital inclusion (ß = -0.089) had significant impact on students' General Distress. In addition, digital inclusion plays a partial mediation role with low but significant effect size in the relationship between resilience, social support and self-efficacy with mental health. Conclusion: Mental health of university students during the pandemic shows alarming levels of general or emotional distress. The findings indicate that resilience, social support and self-efficacy protect college students' mental health by reducing general distress. However, the study shows that when there is a digital divide around internet quality the impact of these factors is affected.

Ten-eleven translocation (Tet) methylcytosine dioxygenase-dependent viral DNA demethylation mediates in vivo hepatitis B virus (HBV) biosynthesis.

Liver-specific ten-eleven translocation (Tet) methylcytosine dioxygenases 2 and 3 (Tet2 plus Tet3)-deficient hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice fail to support viral biosynthesis. The levels of viral transcription and replication intermediates are dramatically reduced. Hepatitis B core antigen is only observed in a very limited number of pericentral hepatocytes in a pattern that is similar to glutamate-ammonia ligase (Glul), a ß-catenin target gene. HBV transcript abundance in adult Tet-deficient mice resembles that observed in wild-type neonatal mice. Furthermore, the RNA levels of several ß-catenin target genes including Glul, Lhpp, Notun, Oat, Slc1a2, and Tbx3 in Tet-deficient mice were also similar to that observed in wild-type neonatal mice. As HBV transcription is regulated by ß-catenin, these findings support the suggestion that neonatal Tet deficiency might limit ß-catenin target gene expression, limiting viral biosynthesis. Additionally, HBV transgene DNA displays increased 5-methylcytosine (5mC) frequency at CpG sequences consistent with neonatal Tet deficiency being responsible for decreased developmental viral DNA demethylation mediated by 5mC oxidation to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, a process that might be responsible for the reduction in cellular ß-catenin target gene expression and viral transcription and replication.IMPORTANCEChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. There are no curative therapies available to resolve chronic HBV infections, and the small viral genome limits molecular targets for drug development. An alternative approach to drug development is to target cellular genes essential for HBV biosynthesis. In the liver, ten-eleven translocation (Tet) genes encode cellular enzymes that are not essential for postnatal mouse development but represent essential activities for viral DNA demethylation and transcription. Consequently, Tet inhibitors may potentially be developed into therapeutic agents capable of inducing and/or maintaining HBV covalently closed circular DNA methylation, resulting in transcriptional silencing and the resolution of chronic viral infection.

Adaptación de la Escala de Sentido de Capacidad para estudiantes peruanos / The Sense of Capability Scale Adaptation in Peruvian Students

Antecedentes: la escala de sentido de capacidad, originalmente validada en universitarios franceses (Drouin & Costalat-Founeau, 2020), mide la representación subjetiva de las personas sobre sus capacidades y percepciones respecto a lo que otros piensan de ellas. El objetivo de este estudio es adaptar la escala para universitarios de Lima, Perú y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. Método: 516 estudiantes de una universidad privada completaron el cuestionario. Se empleó análisis factorial y correlaciones para precisar evidencias de validez. Se utilizó el alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald para evaluar la fiabilidad. Resultados: contrariamente a la estructura original de 2 factores, nuestros resultados sugirieron una solución de factor único que explicó el 52% de la varianza; los ítems tenían cargas elevadas. Se confirmó el modelo mediante un ajuste óptimo (χ2 = 362.84; df = 35; p < .001; CFI = .99; TLI = .98; SRMR = .06; RMSEA = .10). Se encontró una correlación positiva moderada con afecto positivo y florecimiento, así como una correlación negativa moderada con afecto negativo. No hubo diferencias significativas por sexo, nivel o tipo de carrera. Conclusiones: la nueva versión de la escala muestra evidencias de validez y confiabilidad adecuada (α = .88) en estudiantes de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú. Palabras clave: sentido de capacidad, propiedades psicométricas, evidencia de validez, confiabilidad, adaptación.

Background: The sense of capability scale, originally validated in French university students (Drouin & Costalat-Founeau, 2020), measures people's subjective representation of their own capacities and their perceptions of what others think about them. The aim of this study is to adapt the scale for university students in Lima, Peru and to analyze its psychometric properties. Method: 516 students from a private university completed the questionnaire. Factor analysis and correlations were used to determine evidence of validity. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega were used to evaluate reliability. Results: Contrary to the original 2-factor structure, our results suggested a single-factor solution that explained 52% of the variance; the items had high loadings. The model was confirmed by a best fit (χ2 = 362.84; df = 35; p < .001; CFI = .99; TLI = .98; SRMR = .06; RMSEA = .10). A moderate positive correlation was found with positive affect and flourishing, as well as a moderate negative correlation with negative affect. There were no significant differences by sex, level, and career type. Conclusion: The new version of the scale shows evidence of adequate validity and reliability (α = .88) in students of a private university in Lima, Peru. Keywords: sense of capability, psychometric properties, validity evidence, reliability, adaptation.

Associations of Preceptors' Training Needs With Clinical Teaching Experience and Training Received.

Background Although training can improve the quality of clinical teaching for nurse preceptors, research on the training needs of junior versus senior preceptors is limited. This study sought to examine the differences in their needs by comparing their clinical teaching experience and the training they received. Method A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey was conducted in three hospitals using the Clinical Teaching Behavior Inventory (CTBI). Survey data were analyzed using the chi-square test, the independent t test, and multiple regression analysis. Results The differences (N = 252) in the subscales of building a learning atmosphere and committing to teaching were not statistically significant (p > .05). Generally, the mean CTBI scores of trained junior preceptors were significantly higher than those of untrained senior preceptors (p < .001). Conclusion Training yields more significant improvements in self-perceived clinical teaching behavior than clinical teaching experience. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2022;53(4):165-170.].

Dysregulated microRNA expression in IL-4 transgenic mice, an animal model of atopic dermatitis.

IL-4 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Previously we showed that the expression of genes in chemotaxis, angiogenesis, inflammation and barrier functions is dysregulated in IL-4 transgenic (Tg) mice, a well-characterized AD mouse model. In this study, we aim to study differential expression of microRNAs in IL-4 Tg mice. As compared with wild-type mice, we found that 10 and 79 microRNAs are dysregulated in the skin of IL-4 mice before and after the onset of skin lesions, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis and previous reports show that these dysregulated microRNAs may be involved in the NF-κB, TLRs, IL-4/IL-13, MAPK and other pathways. We also found that miR-139-5p and miR-196b-3p are significantly up-regulated in the peripheral blood of IL-4 Tg mice. Taken together, our data have identified many dysregulated microRNAs in IL-4 Tg mice, which may play important roles in AD pathogenesis and pathophysiology.

Prevalence of Exposure to Complex Trauma and Community Violence and Their Associations With Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms.

Studies about trauma often tend to focus on abuse and neglect. However important, these studies may neglect the importance of the broader community context that is often associated with trauma, and complex trauma (CT) in particular. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CT (defined in terms of experiencing abuse and/or neglect occurring in the context of relationships with caregivers), and of broader environmental adversity (i.e., exposure to community violence), in a sample of adolescents (N = 218) from a severely disadvantaged district of Lima, Peru. The study had two aims: (a) to assess the prevalence of CT and its associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms in these adolescents and (b) to investigate the associations between community violence and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms over and above the effects of CT. In total, 39.4% of the adolescents reported at least one type of moderate to severe trauma. There was a clear association between CT and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Ordinal logistic regressions showed that children who were exposed to one or more traumatic experiences were more likely to score within a higher range of internalizing and externalizing symptoms than children with no history of trauma. Finally, exposure to community violence was an important predictor of symptomatology beyond the effects of CT.

Understanding the needs of nurse preceptors in acute hospital care setting: A mixed-method study.

Nurse preceptors play an important role in supporting newly qualified nurses during transition periods. However, limited attention is given to the needs and experience of nurse preceptors with expected responsibilities. This study aimed to examine the perceived needs of nurse preceptors in three public acute hospitals by using a sequential mixed method approach conducted between March and August 2017. A questionnaire that comprised socio-demographic data, Clinical Teaching Behaviour Inventory (CTBI), and RN Preceptor Learning Needs Assessment, was distributed to all nurse preceptors. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 10 informants to complement the quantitative findings. We received 260 completed questionnaires, giving a response rate of 78.8%. The highest mean CTBI domain score was "Using appropriate teaching strategies" (Mean = 3.65, SD = 0.56), whereas the lowest was "Providing feedback and evaluation" (Mean = 3.51, SD = 0.60). The top five topics identified as the most important in nurse preceptor training were critical thinking, prioritising, teaching techniques, conflict management and teamwork. Qualitative findings revealed that the informants experienced tension with their dual roles and strained relationships with co-workers. The expectations of the informants for support were recognition from management level and highlighting coaching tactics, reciprocal learning and collegiate support.

When do peers matter? The moderating role of peer support in the relationship between environmental adversity, complex trauma, and adolescent psychopathology in socially disadvantaged adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: This study examined the longitudinal associations between environmental adversity (defined in terms of exposure to violence in the neighborhood, school, and media), complex trauma (operationalized as experiences of abuse and neglect), and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing symptoms. METHODS: Using a cross-lagged panel research design, we investigated the moderating role of peer support in these relationships in a sample of 644 adolescents from a severely disadvantaged district of Lima, Peru, who were followed up in a 1-year prospective study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We found significant unidirectional dynamic relations, where both types of adversity were associated with higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Peer support significantly moderated this effect, but only for complex trauma, in that higher levels of peer support were associated with a decreased impact of complex trauma on internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of social relations and the quality of peer relations in particular as factors that may mitigate the risk of early exposure to trauma.

[Identity Development, Family Relations, and Symptomatology in Adolescents from Seven Countries]. / Identitätsentwicklung, Familienbeziehungen und Symptombelastung bei Jugendlichen aus sieben Ländern.

Identity Development, Family Relations, and Symptomatology in Adolescents from Seven Countries This study analyzed identity development and parental rearing in adolescents from seven countries. In a sample of 2,259 adolescents (M = 15 years; 54 % female) from France, Germany, Turkey, Greece, Peru, Pakistan, and Poland, maternal parenting (support, psychological control, anxious rearing), identity development (exploration, commitment and ruminative exploration) and psychopathology was assessed. Adolescents from central Europe (France and Germany) were characterized by quite low scores in most identity dimensions, compared to adolescents from all other countries. Particular high were scores in exploration and commitment among adolescents from Turkey, Greece, Peru and Pakistan. In some countries, adolescents described the family relations as characterized by high levels of anxious rearing and psychological control, which was, however, not associated with elevated levels of total symptomatology. The findings show that what is adaptive in one cultural context is depending on cultural norms and family traditions. This information is helpful in designing interventions.

IL-4 dysregulates microRNAs involved in inflammation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in epidermal keratinocytes.

IL-4 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) by dysregulating many key factors at the transcriptional level. In this study, a microRNA array technique and IL-4 transgenic mice were used to demonstrate that IL-4 dysregulates microRNAs involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and apoptosis. Of the 372 common microRNAs examined, 26 and one microRNAs were found to be up- and down-regulated, respectively. MicroRNA-101-5p, -122-5p, -142-3p, -204-5p, -335-3p, -376a-3p, -378a-5p, -639 and -9-5p are among the most significantly up-regulated microRNAs. MicroRNA-147a, the only one that was down- regulated in the present study, attenuates TLR-induced inflammatory responses. These dysregulated microRNAs may provide post-transcriptional regulation of key genes in AD.

Culture beats gender? The importance of controlling for identity- and parenting-related risk factors in adolescent psychopathology.

This study analyzed the unique effects of gender and culture on psychopathology in adolescents from seven countries after controlling for factors which might have contributed to variations in psychopathology. In a sample 2259 adolescents (M = 15 years; 54% female) from France, Germany, Turkey, Greece, Peru, Pakistan, and Poland identity stress, coping with identity stress, maternal parenting (support, psychological control, anxious rearing) and psychopathology (internalizing, externalizing and total symptomatology) were assessed. Due to variations in stress perception, coping style and maternal behavior, these covariates were partialed out before the psychopathology scores were subjected to analyses of variance with gender and country as factors. These analyses leveled out the main effect of country and revealed country-specific gender effects. In four countries, males reported higher internalizing and total symptomatology than females. Partialing out the covariates resulted in a clearer picture of culture-specific and gender-dependent effects on psychopathology, which is helpful in designing interventions.

Variables asociadas a la salud física y mental percibida en estudiantes universitarios de Lima / Variables associated with perceived physical and mental health in university students from Lima

El propósito de la presente investigación es analizar la asociación entre la salud física y mental percibida y las variables sociodemográficas, académicas y psicológicas en un grupo de 520 estudiantes de una universidad privada de Lima. Para este propósito, se utilizó el cuestionario SF-36, la escala de Autoeficacia General, la escala de Estrés Percibido (PSS) y el Cuestionario de Estimación de Afrontamiento (COPE 60). Los resultados indican que los hombres obtuvieron puntuaciones mayores en las dimensiones de salud física en comparación con las mujeres. Los alumnos que presentaron menores dificultades académicas obtuvieron mayores puntajes en las dimensiones de salud mental. Finalmente, el estrés percibido obtuvo correlaciones más fuertes con las dimensiones de salud física y mental percibida. Se espera que los resultados contribuyan con el desarrollo de los programas enfocados en la prevención y promoción de la salud de los estudiantes universitarios.

This investigation aims to analyze the association between the perceived physical and mental health and the sociodemographic, academic and psychological variables in a group of 520 students from a private university of Lima. For this purpose, the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the Coping Estimation Inventory (COPE 60) were used. The results show that men obtained higher scores in the dimensions of physical health compared to women. Students who had less academic difficulties obtained higher scores in the dimensions of mental health. Finally, the perceived stress exhibited stronger correlations with the dimensions of perceived physical and mental health. It is expected that these results contribute to the development of programs focused on health prevention and promotion of university students.

Análisis factorial confirmatorio del inventario multicultural de la expresión de la ira y hostilidad / Confirmatory factor analysis of the multicultural anger expression and hostility inventory

El propósito principal del presente estudio fue verificar la estructura factorial de las dos escalas que componen el Inventario Multicultural de la Expresión de la Ira y Hostilidad desde una perspectiva confirmatoria. Se utilizó el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio en una muestra de 264 participantes provenientes de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú. El muestreo fue no probabilístico e incluyó estudiantes (25%), personal docente (17.8%) y personal administrativo (57.2%). La confiabilidad del instrumento fue evaluada mediante los modelos congenérico, tau-equivalente y paralelo para cada una de las seis subescalas del instrumento, así como también calculada en base al coeficiente alfa de Cronbach con intervalos de confianza.

The main purpose of this study was to verify the factorial structure of the two scales that make up the Multicultural Inventory of Expression of Anger and Hostility from a confirmatory perspective. We performed the Confirmatory Factor Analysis with a non-probability sample of 264 participants from a private university in Lima, Peru. The sampling included university students (25%), faculty members (17.8%) and administrative staff (57.2%). The reliability of the instrument was evaluated using the congeneric, tau-equivalent and parallel models for each of the six subscales of the instrument, as well as calculated based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient with confidence intervals. Results: Factor analysis performed in the present Peruvian sample identified four dimensions for the Anger Expression Scale (Anger-In, Anger-Out, Anger/Control In, and Anger/Control-Out) and two factors for the Hostility Scale (impulsive reaction to anger; and temperament), which substantially verified the factor structure of previous studies conducted in Latin American samples. The congeneric modelindicates an appropriate fit for each of the subscales of anger and hostility. Based on the results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis performed in the present study, the factorial structure of both scales of the Multicultural Anger Expression and Hostility Inventory is robust and shows substantial empirical evidence of construction validity and internal consistency of the instrument.

Adaptación Universitaria y Su Relación con la Salud Percibida en Una Muestra de Jóvenes de Perú / Adaptation to College and Its Relation to Perceived Health in A Sample of Peruvian Students / Adaptação Universitária e Sua Relação com a Saúde Percebida Numa Amostra de Jovens do Peru

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre la salud percibida y la adaptación a la vida universitaria de un grupo de jóvenes estudiantes de Lima, Perú. Para ello, se aplicó el Cuestionario de Adaptación Universitaria (QVA -R) y una medida de salud percibida, a una muestra de 281 estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados mostraron una relación positiva entre la salud percibida y las cinco áreas que miden la adaptación universitaria. El área Personal presentó la mayor relación con la salud percibida. Esto evidenció la importancia de la relación que existe entre la habilidad para adaptarse a la vida universitaria y la percepción de salud de los alumnos.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between perceived health and adaptation to college in a group of students from Lima, Peru. To that effect, the College Adaptation Questionnaire (QVA -R) and a measurement of perceived health were applied to a sample of 281 college students. Results showed a positive relation between apperceived health and the five areas used to measure college adaptation. The Personal area displayed the greatest connection to perceived health, thus highlighting the relation between the students' ability to adapt to college life and their perception of health.

O propósito deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre a saúde percebida e a adaptação à vida universitária de um grupo de jovens estudantes de Lima, Peru. Para isso, aplicou-se o Questionário de Adaptação Universitária (QVA -R) e uma medida de saúde percebida a uma amostra de 281 estudantes universitários. Os resultados mostraram uma relação positiva entre a saúde percebida e as cinco áreas que medem a adaptação universitária. A área Pessoal apresentou a maior relação com a saúde percebida. Isso evidenciou a importância da relação que existe entre a habilidade para se adaptar à vida universitária e a percepção da saúde dos alunos.