Intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration in an adult: a case report.

Introduction: Bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) is typically a rare congenital disorder characterized by the presence of non-functioning lung tissue. There are two types of BPS: intralobar and extralobar sequestration, where extralobar sequestration can either be intrathoracic or sub-diaphragmatic. Case presentation: In this case report, we present the case of a 70-year-old male with intralobar BPS who presented with recurrent chest infections, and a diagnosis of intralobar pulmonary sequestration was made based on a computed tomography (CT) scan. Discussion: The diagnosis of intralobar pulmonary sequestration can be delayed as the intralobar type can present with varying imaging findings. A diagnosis can be made based on CT or MRI findings. A CT scan or MRI can show mass or consolidation with or without a cyst. Both CT and MRI can be reliable modalities to identify the arterial supply of the sequestered lung tissue, which is commonly a branch of the descending aorta. Conclusion: Sequestration should be suspected when a posterobasal lung abnormality is supplied by an abnormal artery from the aorta or another systemic artery.

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome managed with McIndoe's vaginoplasty: a case series and literature review.

Introduction: Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a congenital anomaly characterized by the absence of the uterus and the upper two-thirds of the vagina. It is a rare congenital anomaly with an incidence of 1 in 5000 female live births. Case series: The authors describe three cases of females presenting with primary amenorrhoea who were diagnosed with MRKH syndrome. The patients were managed with McIndoe's vaginoplasty with neovagina creation with an amnion graft. Discussion: Management of MRKH syndrome involves vaginoplasty with neovagina creation. The approach to neovagina creation can be done surgically or non-surgically. Non-surgical creation of the vaginal cavity involves serial use of vaginal dilators, while there are several ways for surgical creation of neovagina. The modified Abbe-McIndoe procedure using amnion to create neovagina is a minimally invasive, rapid, and simple procedure with no risk of immune rejection because the amnion membrane lacks histocompatibility antigens. In addition, the graft is also readily available, storable, and inexpensive. Conclusion: Diagnosis of MRKH syndrome can be made when a young female with primary amenorrhoea and normal secondary sexual characteristics has agenesis of the uterus, and upper two-thirds of the vagina revealed on ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging. The patient can be offered treatment with vaginoplasty with neovagina creation.

Sacral agenesis without maternal diabetes: a case report.

Introduction: Sacral agenesis is a rare congenital condition that is characterized by sacrococcygeal bone agenesis. It is associated with spinal cord anomalies as well as problems with the genitourinary system, large bowel, and lower extremities. Fetal ultrasound allows for diagnosis even before birth. Case presentation: The authors present the case of a 1-year-old girl with sacral agenesis type III and bilateral congenital talipes equinovarus with spina bifida who was born to a nondiabetic mother and had a normal anomaly scan. Clinical discussion: People with less severe forms of sacral agenesis can live a normal life, and it is not connected with cognitive impairment; however, concomitant bladder, colon, and lower limb disorders cause considerable morbidity. The majority of treatment is supportive, frequently requiring orthopedic, urological, gastroenterological, pediatric, and physiotherapy support. Conclusion: Genetic and prepregnancy counseling, as well as early screening of high-risk mothers, remain the only options for prevention of the disease since treatment is mostly supportive.

Arthroscopic management of recurrent synovial chondromatosis of the hip: a case report.

Synovial chondromatosis is a rare condition characterized by the chondral proliferation of synovium forming loose bodies which can lead to pain, swelling, and decreased range of movement of the affected joint. Case presentation: Here the authors report a case of eighteen years lady with recurrent hip synovial chondromatosis who was treated previously with hip arthrotomy and loose bodies removal and now she underwent arthroscopic loose bodies removal with partial synovectomy. Clinical discussion: In comparison to arthrotomy of the hip, arthroscopic management is a minimally invasive surgery that is associated with decreased postoperative pain, earlier improvement in range of motion, a shorter course of rehabilitation, and overall lower morbidity. Conclusion: Thus, the authors recommend arthroscopic removal of the loose bodies and partial synovectomy for the management of synovial chondromatosis of the hip.

Anesthetic management of congenital epulis in a newborn: a case report.

The epulis of the newborn is a granular cell tumor that originates from the mucosa of the gingiva. Case presentation: The authors report a case of a 4-day-old neonate with a large mass arising from the right upper gingival area and occupying most of the oral cavity who presented for surgery with a potentially difficult airway. Intubation was achieved uneventfully using a gaseous induction with an appropriate-size facemask and displacement of the epulis to allow cautious laryngoscopy. Discussion: General anesthesia offers good airway protection and also alleviates the stress and pain associated with the surgery. Conclusion: Congenital epulis is a relatively rare congenital tumor of a newborn, which is one of the causes of difficult airways in neonates and children. However, after slight manipulation of the tumor, endotracheal intubation for the administration of general anesthesia is attainable.

Accidental gunshot injury with left-sided lung injury and D11 burst fracture: a case report.

Penetrating chest injuries are mainly caused by gunshot trauma and stab injuries. These lead to damage to the vital structures, which requires a multidisciplinary approach for management. Case presentation: We present a case of an accidental gunshot injury (GSI) to the chest resulting in left-sided hemopneumothorax, left lung contusion, and D11 burst fracture with spinal cord injury. The patient underwent thoracotomy to remove the bullet along with instrumentation and fixation of the D11 burst fracture. Clinical discussion: Penetrating trauma to the chest requires prompt resuscitation and stabilization with eventual definitive care. Most GSIs to the chest require chest tube insertion, which helps to create negative pressure in the chest cavity, allowing adequate time for the expansion of the lungs. Conclusion: GSIs to the chest could give rise to life-threatening conditions. However, the patient must be stabilized for at least 48 h before performing any surgical repair to ensure that there are fewer complications following surgery.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging among Patients Undergoing Arthroscopy in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is the preferred imaging modality in patients having anterior cruciate ligament tears. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament tears using magnetic resonance imaging among patients undergoing arthroscopy in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of a tertiary care centre. Data from 17 November 2017 to 17 October 2022 were collected between 26 December 2022 and 30 December 2022 from the hospital records. Ethical approval was obtained from Institutinal Review Committee of the same institute (Reference number: 233/22). All patients with a knee injury who received arthroscopy were included in the study. Magnetic resonance imaging reports, arthroscopic findings and relevant data of each case were retrieved from the medical case records of patients. Convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among patients with arthroscopy confirmed anterior cruciate ligament tear, 138 (91.39%) (86.92 to 95.86, 95% Confidence Interval) had anterior cruciate ligament tear diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging. The mean age of the patients who had anterior cruciate ligament tear in the magnetic resonance imaging was 32.35±11.31 years. Out of them, 87 (63%) were males and 51 (37%) were females. The mean duration of the injury was 11.60±18.47 months. Conclusions: The prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament tear using magnetic resonance imaging among patients undergoing arthroscopy in tertiary care centres was similar when compared to other similar studies when conducted in similar settings. Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament tears; arthroscopy; cross-sectional studies; MRI.

Myopia among Medical Undergraduates of a Medical College: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: Myopia is defined as a refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to focus in front of the retina when accommodation is relaxed. Globally, myopia prevalence is on the rise for unknown reasons. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of myopia among undergraduates of a medical school. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among medical undergraduates of a medical school between 2 May 2022 to 3 August 2022 after receiving ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee of the same institute (Reference number: 21/20). A proforma was distributed among the medical undergraduates and data from known myopic students were collected. A convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 279 medical undergraduates, myopia was seen in 119 (42.65%) (36.85-48.45, 95% Confidence Interval). The mean age of the myopic undergraduates was 21±1.47 years. Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia among undergraduates was found to be lower than the other studies done in similar settings. Keywords: medical students; myopia; prevalence.

A Case of Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome in a 13-year-old: A Case Report.

Juvenile polyposis syndrome is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterised by hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and has a high risk for colon carcinoma. This case explores the presentation of multiple polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract, located in the stomach, proximal duodenum, colon, rectum and up to the anal canal. The locations and number of these polyps themselves were not typical and the histopathological studies suggested the condition to be an inflammatory fibroid polyp, which is a rare, benign and solitary neoplasm. Prompt and accurate diagnostic modality remains the keystone in the identification and management of such condition which was a limitation in this case as the patient was lost to follow up before a definitive diagnosis was made. Keywords: case reports; children; juvenile polyposis syndrome.

Baker's cyst with extra- and intra-articular synovial chondromatosis of knee: A case report.

Synovial chondromatosis is a rare benign condition characterized by chondral proliferation from synovium forming loose bodies which can occur extra-articularly and intra-articularly. Surgical removal remains the mainstay of treatment for synovial chondromatosis. Due to the risk of recurrence, every case must be followed up with an MRI.

Supraventricular tachycardia and deep vein thrombosis following Moderna vaccination: A case series.

There have been reports of deep vein thrombosis and supraventricular tachycardia following the Moderna vaccination. The timing of SVT and DVT just after vaccination in our case series could suggest possible temporal relationships to the vaccination. But further studies are needed to establish such evidence.

Venous pseudoaneurysm of left brachiocephalic fistula treated by excision and aneurysmorrhaphy: A case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Brachiocephalic fistula, an arteriovenous fistula approach for hemodialysis in Chronic Kidney Disease patients, can cause various complications. Pseudoaneurysm in the venous end of the arteriovenous fistula is one of those unusual presentations, and can lead to the failure of vascular access. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 38-year-old female with pseudoaneurysm in the venous end of the left brachiocephalic fistula presenting as painless swelling for one month. Surgical management was done with excision followed by aneurysmorrhaphy. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: The repair is associated with risks of arteriovenous fistula failure, thromboembolism, bleeding manifestation and graft rupture. Surgical correction should be done as early as possible with consideration of size, location, and available resources. CONCLUSION: Venous pseudoaneurysm in a brachiocephalic fistula is an unusual complication which requires prompt surgical correction.

Alcoholic Liver Disease among Patients Admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: Alcoholic liver diseases comprise a spectrum of liver diseases including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Diagnosis at advanced stages is frequent for this condition and data regarding the prevalence of such patients at early stages are limited. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of alcoholic liver disease among patients admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine of a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 538 patients admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine of a tertiary care centre in Nepal between 3rd November, 2021 and 22nd February, 2022 after receiving ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee of the hospital (Reference number: 006-078/079). Convenience sampling was done. Data were collected and entered in Microsoft Excel and analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 24.0. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data along with mean and standard deviation for continuous data. Results: Among 538 patients, alcoholic liver disease was seen in 42 (7.80%) (5.53-10.07 at 95% Confidence Interval). The mean age of the patients was 53.85±10.88 years. Among these patients 25 (59.52%) were males and 17 (40.47%) of them were females. Conclusions: Our study showed that the prevalence of alcoholic liver disease was lower as compared to similarly reported literature. Keywords: alcoholic liver diseases; jaundice; liver function test; Nepal.

Lumbar Disc Degenerative Disorder among Patients Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: Magnetic resonance imaging is the standard imaging modality for detecting disc pathology due to its advantage of lack of radiation, multiplanar imaging capability, excellent spinal soft-tissue contrast, and precise localization of intervertebral discs changes. The aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of lumbar disc degenerative disorder among patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology of a tertiary care centre among patients with complaints of low back pain from 24th May, 2021 to 31st December, 2021 in a tertiary care hospital. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 134/2077-78). A sample size of 899 was taken and convenience sampling was done. Collected data were entered and analyzed on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22.0. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentage for binary data and mean with standard deviation for continuous data. Results: Among 899 patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging, the prevalence of lumbar disc degenerative disorder was found to be 155 (17.24%) (14.77-19.70 at 95% Confidence Interval). Conclusions: The prevalence of lumbar disc degenerative disorder among patients undergoing magnetic resonance in our study was lower when compared to other similar studies conducted in similar settings. Keywords: disc degeneration; low back pain; magnetic resonance imaging.

Pediatric osmotic demyelination syndrome in a case of type 1 diabetes mellitus with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Cautious treatment of hyponatremia in diabetic ketoacidosis is necessary in order to avoid the development of osmotic demyelination syndrome which is a demyelinating disorder. Individualized supportive therapy would be fruitful for the management of such cases but there is a need for larger studies to guide the management.