RESUMO
A combination of fludarabine (Flu) and daily i.v. busulfan (Bu) is well tolerated and effective in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although there is some evidence that Bu exposures exceeding 6000 µM.min [corrected] may lead to excessive toxicity, there is little information on the effect of exposures below this level on outcomes. We studied Bu exposure, as measured by area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), in 158 patients with various hematologic malignancies in an attempt to identify an optimal range for targeted therapy. The preparative chemotherapy regimen comprised Flu 50 mg/m(2) on days -6 to -2 and i.v. Bu 3.2 mg/kg on days -5 to -2 inclusive. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis included methotrexate, cyclosporin A, and antithymocyte globulin. Patients with Bu exposures below the median AUC of 4439 µM.min [corrected] were at increased risk for acute GVHD grade II-IV (hazard ratio [HR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 4.49; P = .014). Those in the highest and lowest Bu exposure quartiles (daily AUC <3814 µM.min and >4993 µM.min) [corrected] had an increased risk of nonrelapse mortality (subdistribution HR, 3.32; 95% CI, 1.46 to 7.54; P = .004), as well as worse disease-free survival (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.99; P = .021) and overall survival (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.12 to 3.37; P = .018). Bu exposures between 4440 and 4993 µM/min were accompanied by the lowest risk of both nonrelapse mortality and acute GVHD.
Assuntos
Soro Antilinfocitário/administração & dosagem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Bussulfano/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Hematológicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Vidarabina/análogos & derivados , Administração Intravenosa , Adulto , Idoso , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacocinética , Bussulfano/farmacocinética , Feminino , Neoplasias Hematológicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hematológicas/cirurgia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transplante Homólogo , Vidarabina/administração & dosagem , Vidarabina/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Intravenous (i.v.) busulfan (Bu) administered once daily in myeloablative transplant regimens is convenient, effective, and relatively well tolerated. Therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended as nonrelapse mortality increases when daily exposure, as determined by the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC), exceeds 6000 µM·min. We describe sequential studies to achieve accurate prediction of treatment doses of Bu based on the kinetics of a smaller test dose. A total of 335 patients with hematologic malignancies were given daily i.v. Bu 3.2 mg/kg × 4 and fludarabine 50 mg/m(2) × 5. Pharmacokinetic monitoring was conducted for both the test dose and first treatment dose of Bu (day -5). Three different test dose schedules were evaluated: 12 mg Bu administered over 20 minutes, 0.8 mg/kg over 3 hours, and 0.8 mg/kg infused at 80 mg/h. The 3.2 mg/kg treatment doses were infused over a fixed time of 3 hours for the first 2 test dose trials and at a fixed rate of 80 mg/h for the final protocol. All test dose infusions were on day -7. In the first 2 schedules, Bu administered over a fixed time had significantly higher clearance for the test dose compared with the treatment dose. However, when both the test and the treatment doses were administered at the same infusion rate, clearance of the drug between the 2 dosing days was equivalent. Predicted day -5 AUC (AUC(-5)) showed a high linear correlation (r(2) = 0.74) to the actual AUC(-5). The error of these predictions was <20% in 98% of patients and <10% in 80%. In 24 individuals, the test dose predicted an AUC >5500 µM·min; therefore, the first Bu treatment dose was reduced to a desired target AUC. All adjusted doses fell within 20% of the targeted exposure. We conclude that a test dose strategy for therapeutic drug monitoring of daily i.v. Bu is accurate if the test and treatment doses are infused at the same rate. This approach allows targeting of therapeutic doses of Bu to desired levels and the potential for improved safety and efficacy.
Assuntos
Bussulfano/administração & dosagem , Bussulfano/farmacocinética , Monitorização Fisiológica , Agonistas Mieloablativos/administração & dosagem , Agonistas Mieloablativos/farmacocinética , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Bussulfano/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Agonistas Mieloablativos/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Tempo , Transplante HomólogoRESUMO
A combination of fludarabine (Flu) and daily i.v. busulfan (Bu) is well tolerated and effective in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The addition of rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG) may reduce morbidity and mortality from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), but lead to increased relapse. To compensate for this effect, we added 400 cGy of total body irradiation (TBI) to the Flu/Bu regimen in 89 patients, and compared outcomes with those achieved in 90 patients who received the drug combination alone. Although nonrelapse mortality (NRM) at 3 years did not differ between the groups, the inclusion of TBI significantly reduced relapse (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.15-0.54; P = .0001). Consequently, both overall survival (OS; HR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.3-0.84; P = .009) and disease-free survival (DFS; HR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.26-0.72; P = .001) were improved with the inclusion of TBI. This study confirms the importance of regimen intensity in allogeneic HSCT for AML. The combination of daily i.v. Bu, Flu, 400 cGy TBI, and ATG provides a well-tolerated regimen with antileukemic activity in AML comparable to that of other, conventional myeloablative (MA) regimens.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Soro Antilinfocitário/administração & dosagem , Bussulfano/administração & dosagem , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/etiologia , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/radioterapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Vidarabina/administração & dosagem , Vidarabina/análogos & derivados , Irradiação Corporal Total , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We have reported a lower incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) with a novel conditioning regimen using low-dose rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG; Thymoglobulin [TG]) with fludarabine and intravenous busulfan (FluBuTG). To assess further this single-center experience, we performed a retrospective matched-pair analysis comparing outcomes of adult patients transplanted using the FluBuTG conditioning regimen with matched controls from patients reported to the CIBMTR receiving a first allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) after standard oral busulfan and cyclophosphamide (BuCy). One hundred twenty cases and 215 matched controls were available for comparison. Patients receiving FluBuTG had significantly less treatment related mortality (TRM; 12% versus 34%, P < .001) and grades II-IV aGVHD (15% versus 34%, P < .001) compared to BuCy patients. The risk of relapse was higher in the FluBuTG patients (42% versus 20%, P < .001). The risks of chronic GVHD (cGVHD) and disease free survival (DFS) were similar in the cases and controls. These results suggest that the novel regimen FluBuTG decreases the risk of aGVHD and TRM after HLA-identical sibling HSCT, but is associated with an increased risk of relapse, resulting in similar DFS. Whether these conditioning regimens may be more suitable for specific patient populations based on relapse risk requires testing in prospective randomized trials.
Assuntos
Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/mortalidade , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/mortalidade , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante/mortalidade , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante/métodos , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Soro Antilinfocitário , Bussulfano/administração & dosagem , Doença Crônica , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Hematológicas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Agonistas Mieloablativos/administração & dosagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Recidiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida , Transplante Homólogo , Vidarabina/administração & dosagem , Vidarabina/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
Two hundred patients received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from matched sibling donors (MSD) after myeloablative conditioning including fludarabine (Flu) and once-daily intravenous busulfan (Bu). Thymoglobulin (TG) was added to methotexate (MTX) and cyclosporine (CsA) as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. For low-risk (acute leukemia CR1/CR2, CML CP1) patients projected 5-year nonrelapse mortality (NRM) and overall survival (OS) were 4% and 76% for those
Assuntos
Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Agonistas Mieloablativos/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Soro Antilinfocitário , Bussulfano/administração & dosagem , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/mortalidade , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro/patologia , Neoplasias Hematológicas/complicações , Neoplasias Hematológicas/mortalidade , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/efeitos adversos , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/mortalidade , Humanos , Incidência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medição de Risco , Irmãos , Análise de Sobrevida , Taxa de Sobrevida , Vidarabina/administração & dosagem , Vidarabina/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
Low plasma busulfan (Bu) area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) is associated with graft failure and relapsed leukemias, and high AUC with toxicities when Bu is used orally or i.v. 4 times daily combined with cyclophosphamide in myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) conditioning regimens. We report Bu AUC and its association with clinical outcomes in 130 patients with hematologic malignancies given a once-daily i.v. Bu (3.2 mg/kg days -5 to -2) and fludarabine (Flu, 50 mg/m(2) days -6 to -2) regimen. Total-body irradiation (TBI) 200 cGy x 2 was added for 51 patients with acute leukemias. Plasma AUC varied 3.6-fold (2184-7794 microM.min, median 4699 microM.min). Patients with an AUC >6000 microM.min had lower overall survival (OS) than those with AUC < or =6000 microM.min at 12 months (38% versus 74%) and 36 months (23% versus 68%, P < .001). This effect was apparent in patients with standard-risk and high-risk disease, and persisted when potential confounders were considered (hazard ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.7-6.3). Nonrelapse mortality (NRM) at 100 days (6% versus 19%) and progression free survival (PFS; 58% versus 16%) at 3 years were better with AUC < or =6000 microM.min. These data support a role for therapeutic dose monitoring and dose adjustment with daily i.v. busulfan.
Assuntos
Bussulfano/administração & dosagem , Bussulfano/farmacocinética , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/métodos , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante/métodos , Vidarabina/análogos & derivados , Adulto , Idoso , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Área Sob a Curva , Bussulfano/toxicidade , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas/mortalidade , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Condicionamento Pré-Transplante/mortalidade , Transplante Homólogo , Resultado do Tratamento , Vidarabina/administração & dosagem , Irradiação Corporal TotalRESUMO
A myeloablative conditioning regimen incorporating daily intravenous busulfan, fludarabine, and 400 cGy total-body irradiation was given before allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) to 64 adults with acute leukemia in first and second remission. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis included methotrexate, cyclosporine A, and rabbit antithymocyte globulin (Thymoglobulin). For 31 matched related (MRD) and 33 alternate donor (AD) SCT the incidence of acute GVHD grade II-IV was 11% +/- 6% versus 35% +/- 9% (P = .047), acute GVHD grade III-IV was 0% versus 10% +/- 6% (P = .09), and chronic GVHD was 40% +/- 9% versus 66% +/- 9% (P = NS), respectively. Overall transplant-related mortality (TRM) was 3% +/- 2%. Projected disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) at 3 years for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) (n = 36) are the same at 83% +/- 6%, and for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (n = 28) are 65% +/- 10% and 78% +/- 8%, respectively. For MRD SCT DFS is 77% +/- 9%, OS 87% +/- 6%, for AD SCT the respective figures are 71% +/- 8% and 74% +/- 8%. OS and DFS in patients without and with high-risk features are 100% versus 71% +/- 7% (P = .007) and 88% +/- 8% versus 68% +/- 7% (P = .04), respectively. This combination appears relatively well tolerated, gives equivalent final outcomes from MRD and AD, and may be a reasonable alternative to conventional myeloablative regimens.