Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIEd): a high-level academic and industry note 2021.

In the past few decades, technology has completely transformed the world around us. Indeed, experts believe that the next big digital transformation in how we live, communicate, work, trade and learn will be driven by Artificial Intelligence (AI) [83]. This paper presents a high-level industrial and academic overview of AI in Education (AIEd). It presents the focus of latest research in AIEd on reducing teachers' workload, contextualized learning for students, revolutionizing assessments and developments in intelligent tutoring systems. It also discusses the ethical dimension of AIEd and the potential impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the future of AIEd's research and practice. The intended readership of this article is policy makers and institutional leaders who are looking for an introductory state of play in AIEd.

Stiff Left Atrial Syndrome; Prospects and Possibilities. Retrospective Analysis and Review of the Literature.

OBJECTIVES: Stiff left atrial syndrome is an intriguing clinical phenomena characterized by reduced left atrial compliance, pulmonary venous hypertension and exacerbations of volume overload. We conducted a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with stiff left atrial syndrome at our center. METHODS: All patients admitted to our hospital with volume overload and pulmonary venous hypertension who were diagnosed with stiff left atrial syndrome based on evidence by echocardiogram and right heart catheterization between July 2011 and July 2013 were included in this retrospective review. RESULTS: Twentythree patients (mean age 73 ± 11 years, 39% male and 61% female) were diagnosed with stiff left atrial syndrome at our center. Thirty-five percent had persistent while 39% had permanent atrial fibrillation. Mean duration of atrial fibrillation was 7.6 ± 2.1 years. Forty-three percent of patients had long standing hypertension. There was no mitral regurgitation in 39% of patients while 48% had mild mitral regurgitation. On right heart catheterization, mean right atrial pressure was 12.6±4.8 mm of Hg, mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 33±7.2 mm of Hg, mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 24.8± 4.2mm of Hg while peak V waves were seen at mean of 37.8± 5.3 mm of Hg. Mean left atrial volume index was 49.8±17.1 mL/m 2. After the initial diagnosis with a two year follow- up, there were no readmissions in 65% of patients who were on appropriate diuretic therapy and had regular clinical visits. Frequent readmissions were seen in 35% of patients inspite of appropriate diuretic therapy. All-cause mortality rate was 4.3% at two year follow up. CONCLUSION: In patients with stiff left atrial syndrome, the presence of left atrial dilation, long standing atrial fibrillation and hypertension are the key factors associated with pathogenesis and clinical course. Close follow up and monitoring of volume status is essential to prevent hospital readmissions and improve long term prognosis.

Churg-Strauss Syndrome Presenting as Acute Necrotizing Eosinophilic Myocarditis: Concise Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Acute eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) is a rare form of heart failure that is characterized by myocardial eosinophilic infiltration usually in association with peripheral eosinophilia. The underlying cause is variable and can include allergic reactions, parasitic infection, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, malignancy, Loeffler's syndrome, Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), early giant cell myocarditis and malignancy. The course is potentially fatal, and early diagnosis and treatment with steroids is essential. CONCLUSION: Here, we present an illustrative case of eosinophilic myocarditis secondary to CSS followed by a brief review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of both disease entities.

Myxedema Heart Disease: A Rare Disease Entity: Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Myxedema heart disease is an extremely rare disease entity and should be suspected in patients with unexplained heart failure refractory to conventional treatment. Myxedema coma with co- existent heart disease is not well known and very few cases have been reported. CONCLUSION: Here, we present an interesting case of myxedema coma with severe valvular cardiomyopathy followed by a concise review of the literature with special emphasis on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapeutic modalities.

Vascular complications of transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A concise literature review.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a relatively newer therapeutic modality which offers a promising alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement for patients with prohibitive, high and intermediate surgical risk. The increasing trend to pursue TAVR in these patients has also led to growing awareness of the associated potential vascular complications. The significant impact of these complications on eventual clinical outcome and mortality makes prompt recognition and timely management a critical factor in TAVR patients. We hereby present a concise review with emphasis on diverse vascular complications associated with TAVR and their effective management to improve overall clinical outcomes.

The Intriguing Occurrence of Segmental Arterial Mediolysis: Case Report and Concise Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Segmental medial arteriolysis (SAM) is a unique arteriopathy highlighted by significant lytic changes in the medial wall of the blood vessels and can present from vague gastrointestinal discomfort to catastrophic abdominal bleeding and shock. We hereby present a concise review of this rare phenomenon with historic perspectives, epidemiology, and current concepts of etiology, pathogenesis, relevant clinical associations, treatment modalities, prognosis and future directions in SAM. CONCLUSION: In addition, we present an interesting occurrence of this intriguing phenomenon in a forty-eight year old lady at our institution who presented with vague symptomatology and was an extremely challenging diagnosis. This highlights the importance of timely detection and institution of therapeutic or preventive strategies to minimize future catastrophic events.

Lyme carditis with complete heart block: management with an external pacemaker.

Timely diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment is essential in Lyme carditis to achieve favorable prognosis. Externalized permanent pacemaker with an active fixation lead as supportive pacing modality is a feasible option till complete resolution of conduction block with continued antibiotic therapy.

Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis: A Concise Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare disease entity highlighted by hypokalemia, flaccid paralysis, and thyrotoxicosis. It usually presents as sudden profound muscle weakness manifested as almost complete immobility and can affect proximal and distal limb muscles, respiratory musculature as well as the cardiac conduction system. METHODS: A comprehensive review of Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis from 1885 to date was carried out by an extensive and thorough literature research including but not limited to Pubmed, Medline and EMBASE. OBJECTIVE: This review emphasizes the etiology, pathogenesis, management and prognosis of TPP and aims to highlight clinical awareness of early diagnosis and rapid initiation of treatment. CONCLUSION: It is extremely important to diagnose this condition as early as possible as it is potentially reversible and prompt treatment leads to rapid resolution with no residual weakness. Missing the diagnosis can result in possible fatal complications such as hypercapneic respiratory failure and ventricular fibrillation.