RESUMO
The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is ubiquitous to multiple cellular processes and is intricately implicated in lymphomagenesis. The development of PI3K inhibitors has broadened treatment options for relapsed and/or refractory follicular lymphoma (FL) and currently three PI3K inhibitors have been approved in the third-line setting for FL, including idelalisib (oral), duvelisib (oral), and copanlisib (intravenous), with other agents under investigation. In this review, we discuss the clinical advance of copanlisib through preclinical to Phase III trials, its unique cellular targets and side effect profile that have poised it as a safer and equally efficacious option when compared to the older-generation oral PI3Kis, and its utility to the clinician as part of the therapeutic armamentarium for relapsed and/or refractory FL.
RESUMO
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive subtype of lung cancer characterized by rapid growth and early spread. It is a highly lethal disease that typically is diagnosed at a late stage. Surgery plays a very small role in this cancer, and management typically involves chemotherapy, delivered with thoracic radiation in early-stage disease. Platinum-based chemotherapy is initially very effective, inducing rapid and often deep responses. These responses, though, are transient, and upon relapse, SCLC is highly refractory to therapy. Immunotherapy has shown promise in delivering meaningful, durable responses and the addition of immunotherapy to first-line chemotherapy has led to the first improvements in survival in decades. Still, the disease remains difficult to manage. Incorporating radiation therapy at specific points in patient management may improve disease control. The development of predictive biomarkers and novel targeted therapies will hopefully improve options for patients in the near future. This review focuses on the current standards of care and future directions.
