Thiadiazole Functionalized Salicylaldehyde-Schiff Base as a pH-responsive and chemo-reversible "Turn-Off" fluorescent probe for selective cu (II) detection: Logic Gate Behaviour and Molecular Docking Studies.

A novel thiadiazole functionalized schiff base chemoreceptor (E)-2,4-dichloro-6-(((5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino)methyl)phenol (SB-1) has been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically by using various techniques. Its photophysical behaviour was scanned towards a variety of metal ions in mixed aqueous media. The chemosensor (SB-1) displayed excellent selectivity towards Cu2+ ion through fluorescent diminishment (turn-off phenomenon). Colorimetric analyses showed a rapid colour change from yellow to dark red under visible light upon addition of Cu2+ ions. Interestingly, the original yellow colour reappeared back instantly after the addition of EDTA2- anions, thus confirming the reversible nature of SB-1. Competitive experiments validated no interference from the other co-existing metal ions in the recognition process of SB-1 towards Cu2+ ion. Job's plot confirmed 1:1 binding stoichiometry between SB-1 and Cu2+ ion with the binding constant value of 3.87 × 104 M- 1. The limit of detection was determined to be 1.01 × 10- 7 M suggesting good sensitivity of SB-1 towards Cu2+ ions. Furthermore, pH-dependent UV-Vis spectral behaviour of SB-1 confirmed that it could act as an effective optical pH-sensor for highly acidic environment as well. Portable nature of probe SB-1 was explored by fabricating "easy-to-use" paper test strips, which allow robust and rapid detection of Cu2+ ions. Based on the multi-responsive properties of SB-1, a 'NOR' logic gate was constructed by applying Cu2+ and EDTA2- as chemical inputs (ln1: Cu2+, ln2: EDTA2-) while emission intensity observed at 560 nm was considered as output signal (O1). DFT optimized geometries confirmed that chemosensor SB-1 exists in Azo form (Enol form) in its ground state. Molecular docking of the SB-1 and its copper complex, into the binding site of TRK protein tyrosine kinase (PDB: 1t46) was also carried out to explore their biological activity and their potential use as TRK inhibitors.

Radiation induces EIF2AK3/PERK and ERN1/IRE1 mediated pro-survival autophagy.

Cellular effects of ionizing radiation include oxidative damage to macromolecules, unfolded protein response (UPR) and metabolic imbalances. Oxidative stress and UPR have been shown to induce macroautophagy/autophagy in a context-dependent manner and are crucial factors in determining the fate of irradiated cells. However, an in-depth analysis of the relationship between radiation-induced damage and autophagy has not been explored. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between radiation-induced oxidative stress, UPR and autophagy in murine macrophage cells. A close association was observed between radiation-induced oxidative burst, UPR and induction of autophagy, with the possible involvement of EIF2AK3/PERK (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3) and ERN1/IRE1 (endoplasmic reticulum [ER] to nucleus signaling 1). Inhibitors of either UPR or autophagy reduced the cell survival indicating the importance of these processes after radiation exposure. Moreover, modulation of autophagy affected lethality in the whole body irradiated C57BL/6 mouse. These findings indicate that radiation-induced autophagy is a pro-survival response initiated by oxidative stress and mediated by EIF2AK3 and ERN1. Abbreviations: ACTB: actin, beta; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATG: autophagy-related; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CQ: chloroquine; DBSA: 3,5-dibromosalicylaldehyde; EIF2AK3: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; ERN1: endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nucleus signaling 1; IR: ionizing radiation; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NAC: N-acetyl-L-cysteine; PARP1: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 1; 4-PBA: 4-phenylbutyrate; Rap: rapamycin; ROS: reactive oxygen species; UPR: unfolded protein response; XBP1: x-box binding protein 1.

Radiation-induced autophagy: mechanisms and consequences.

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved, indispensable, lysosome-mediated degradation process, which helps in maintaining homeostasis during various cellular traumas. During stress, a context-dependent role of autophagy has been observed which drives the cell towards survival or death depending upon the type, time, and extent of the damage. The process of autophagy is stimulated during various cellular insults, e.g. oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, imbalances in calcium homeostasis, and altered mitochondrial potential. Ionizing radiation causes ROS-dependent as well as ROS-independent damage in cells that involve macromolecular (mainly DNA) damage, as well as ER stress induction, both capable of inducing autophagy. This review summarizes the current understanding on the roles of oxidative stress, ER stress, DNA damage, altered mitochondrial potential, and calcium imbalance in radiation-induced autophagy as well as the merits and limitations of targeting autophagy as an approach for radioprotection and radiosensitization.

Cooperative effect of BI-69A11 and celecoxib enhances radiosensitization by modulating DNA damage repair in colon carcinoma.

Amplification of PI3K-Akt pathway promotes radioresistance in various cancers including colorectal carcinoma. Local recurrence in colon cancer causes poor prognosis affecting overall survival of cancer-affected patient population. To avoid local recurrence, pre-operative or post-operative additional radiotherapy is given. However, main concern regarding radiotherapy is to increase the radiosensitivity of malignant cell without hampering the activities of normal cells. In this context, addition of two or more than two chemotherapeutic drugs as a radiosensitizer is a common practice in radiation biology. BI-69A11 earlier showed potential apoptosis-inducing effect in melanoma and colon carcinoma. Celecoxib showed anti-cancer effects in both COX-2 dependent and independent pathways and used to act as a radiosensitizing enhancer. Here, we suggest that the combination of BI-69A11 and celecoxib inhibits the phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and DNA-PK responsible for ionizing radiation (IR)-induced double-strand break (DSB) repair. Moreover, the combinatorial effect of BI-69A11 and celecoxib attenuates the IR-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, this combination also impairs IR-induced activation of Akt and downstream targets of ATM. This might lead to induced activation of apoptotic pathway after triple therapy treatment modulating pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. This activation of apoptotic pathway also showed the interdependence of PUMA and BAD in triple combination-treated colon cancer cells in a p53 independent manner. This study reveals the therapeutic potential of the triple combination therapy in prevention of radioresistance. Besides, it also demonstrates the cytotoxic effects of triple combination therapy in colon cancer. This study shows utility and potential implication on safety of the patients undergoing radiation therapy.