Three Decades of Research on the Development of Ibogaine Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: A Scientometric Analysis.

Ibogaine is a natural psychoactive drug that has been investigated for its potential role in the treatment of substance use disorders since the mid-1960s. To evaluate the interest in ibogaine's use as a therapeutic agent, we performed a scientometric analysis covering the last three decades (1993-2002, 2003-2012, and 2013-2022). A complementary analysis was performed to select and describe published clinical trials and meta-analyses. A total of 1523 references were found. Linear growth of publications in the first and third decades were identified, and the average number of publications from 1993 to 2002 was lower than that in the other two decades. Researchers from five continents were identified. Globally, academic research centers in the United States and Canada were the most productive. Cocaine, tobacco, morphine, and alcohol prevailed as major keywords in the first two decades and opioids and psychedelics were included in the third decade. A few key authors were the most co-referenced. One preclinical meta-analysis and no meta-analysis in humans were found. Research trends for ibogaine are widespread, growing, and consonant with current attentiveness in drug abuse. Our findings support the pressing need for rigorous clinical research on ibogaine to evaluate its efficacy and safety.

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for victims of sexual abuse with severe post-traumatic stress disorder: an open label pilot study in Brazil

Objective: To conduct Brazil's first clinical trial employing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), given its high prevalence resulting from epidemic violence. Methods: Of 60 volunteers, four matched the inclusion & exclusion criteria. Three patients with PTSD secondary to sexual abuse (diagnosed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSMV-4 [CAPS 4]) completed enrollment and treatment, following a standardized Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies protocol consisting of 15 weekly therapy sessions: three with orally administered MDMA with concurrent psychotherapy and music, spaced approximately 1 month apart. CAPS-4 scores two months after the final MDMA session were the primary outcome. Results: No serious adverse events occurred. The most frequent adverse events were somatic pains and anguish. CAPS-4 reductions were always greater than 25 points. The final scores were 61, 27, and 8, down from baseline scores of 90, 78, and 72, respectively. All reductions were greater than 30%, which is indicative of clinically significant improvement. Secondary outcomes included lower Beck Depressive Inventory scores and higher Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory and Global Assessment of Functioning scores. Conclusions: Considering the current limitations in safe and efficacious treatments for PTSD and recent studies abroad with larger patient samples, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy could become a viable treatment in Brazil. Clinical trial registration: RBR-6sq4c9

3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for victims of sexual abuse with severe post-traumatic stress disorder: an open label pilot study in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct Brazil's first clinical trial employing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), given its high prevalence resulting from epidemic violence. METHODS: Of 60 volunteers, four matched the inclusion & exclusion criteria. Three patients with PTSD secondary to sexual abuse (diagnosed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSMV-4 [CAPS 4]) completed enrollment and treatment, following a standardized Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies protocol consisting of 15 weekly therapy sessions: three with orally administered MDMA with concurrent psychotherapy and music, spaced approximately 1 month apart. CAPS-4 scores two months after the final MDMA session were the primary outcome. RESULTS: No serious adverse events occurred. The most frequent adverse events were somatic pains and anguish. CAPS-4 reductions were always greater than 25 points. The final scores were 61, 27, and 8, down from baseline scores of 90, 78, and 72, respectively. All reductions were greater than 30%, which is indicative of clinically significant improvement. Secondary outcomes included lower Beck Depressive Inventory scores and higher Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory and Global Assessment of Functioning scores. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the current limitations in safe and efficacious treatments for PTSD and recent studies abroad with larger patient samples, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy could become a viable treatment in Brazil. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: RBR-6sq4c9.

Greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential from biofuel cropping systems fertilized with mineral and organic nitrogen sources.

Non-legume bioenergy crops can be fertilized with animal manures instead of mineral fertilizers, but the simultaneous application of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) with manures can increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. On the other hand, manure could increase soil organic C stocks and partly offset greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and global warming potential (GWP) of crop systems. We performed a two-year study in a biofuel cropping system with sunflower and canola to examine the effects of manure fertilization on grain yields and N use efficiency of crops, and on GWP and GHG intensity (GHGI) in no-till soils under subtropical conditions. The GWP and GHGI were calculated from measured methane (CH4) and N2O emissions and soil organic C stock change, and from estimated carbon dioxide emissions associated with agricultural inputs and farm operations. The following treatments were tested: (i) mineral fertilizer (MF); (ii) poultry manure (PM); (iii) pig deep-litter (PDL); and (iv) no-N control. The application rate of each treatment was adjusted to provide 60 kg available N ha-1 to crops. Grain yield and N accumulated by sunflower and canola were greater in fertilized treatments than in the control, and did not differ among N sources. However, crop N use efficiency was on average 50% lower with manures than MF. CH4 emissions were not affected by N sources, but N2O emissions increased as follows: control (1.37) < MF (2.04) < PDL (4.12) < PM (4.95 kg N ha-1). On the other hand, soil organic C stocks increased more rapidly with manures than MF, resulting in significantly lower GWP and GHGI with manures than MF after two years. These results indicate that animal manures can replace MF as the main source of N to non-legume oil crops and reduce net GHG emissions in biofuel cropping systems under subtropical conditions.

Influence of summer crop residues on 15N present in organic matter fractions under two lowland soils / Influência de resíduos de culturas de verão sobre o 15 N em frações da matéria orgânica de dois solos de terras baixas

ABSTRACT: The state of Rio Grande do Sul has about 20% of the total area as lowland soils, suitable for flooded rice (Oryza sativa). In order to mitigate damage caused by rice monoculture, new crops such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and soybean (Glycine max) have been cultivated in these areas. With different qualities of crop residues, it is expected a change in soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and consequently, nitrogen (N) availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of rice, soybean and sorghum crop residues on the N present in physical fractions of SOM of two lowland soils, using labeled 15N technique, under incubation for 180 days in aerobic condition and more 180 days in anaerobic condition. At 30, 180 and 360 days of incubation the remaining N of the plant residues and N destination from the residues in both soils were quantified in the physical fractions of SOM >250 μm, 250-53 μm and <53 μm. The soil with higher amount of clay+silt received a larger quantity of 15N from residues, while flooding of the soil after 180 days caused a loss of N added to the soil by the soybean and sorghum residues. In general, larger amounts of 15N were reported in the fraction <53 μm, associated with clay minerals, throughout the incubation period. These N losses should be considered in N fertilization for the following crops in rotation with flooded rice.

RESUMO: O Rio Grande do Sul possui cerca de 20% da área total de solos de terras baixas, propícias para o cultivo do arroz (Oryza sativa) irrigado por inundação. Buscando mitigar danos ocasionados com o monocultivo de arroz, novas culturas, como o sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) e a soja (Glycine max), têm sido cultivadas nestas áreas. Com diferentes qualidades de resíduos culturais, espera-se uma alteração na dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e, consequentemente, do nitrogênio (N). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de resíduos culturais de arroz, soja e sorgo na quantidade de N em frações físicas da MOS de dois solos de terras baixas, utilizando a técnica de marcação isotópica de 15N das culturas e uma incubação por um ciclo de 180 dias em condição aeróbica e mais 180 dias em condição anaeróbica. Aos 30, 180 e 360 dias de incubação foi quantificado o N remanescente dos resíduos vegetais e destino do N proveniente dos resíduos nos dois solos em frações físicas da MOS >250 μm, 250-53 μm e <53 μm. O solo com maior quantidade de argila+silte recebeu maior quantidade de 15N dos resíduos, enquanto que o alagamento do solo após 180 dias de incubação ocasionou uma perda do N adicionado ao solo pelos resíduos de soja e sorgo. De maneira geral, foram encontradas maiores quantidades de 15N na fração <53 μm, associado aos argilominerais. As perdas de N devem ser consideradas na adubação nitrogenada para as culturas sequentes nos sistemas de rotação de culturas com arroz irrigado.

Treating drug dependence with the aid of ibogaine: a retrospective study.

Ibogaine is an alkaloid purported to be an effective drug dependence treatment. However, its efficacy has been hard to evaluate, partly because it is illegal in some countries. In such places, treatments are conducted in underground settings where fatalities have occurred. In Brazil ibogaine is unregulated and a combined approach of psychotherapy and ibogaine is being practiced to treat addiction. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ibogaine, we conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 75 previous alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and crack users (72% poly-drug users). We observed no serious adverse reactions or fatalities, and found 61% of participants abstinent. Participants treated with ibogaine only once reported abstinence for a median of 5.5 months and those treated multiple times for a median of 8.4 months. This increase was statistically significant (p < 0.001), and both single or multiple treatments led to longer abstinence periods than before the first ibogaine session (p < 0.001). These results suggest that the use of ibogaine supervised by a physician and accompanied by psychotherapy can facilitate prolonged periods of abstinence, without the occurrence of fatalities or complications. These results suggest that ibogaine can be a safe and effective treatment for dependence on stimulant and other non-opiate drugs.

Instituições de atendimento socioeducativo à adolescentes em situação de risco do Distrito Federal: panorama e perspectivas / Panorama and perspectives of Distrito Federal´s institutions working with adolescents in a situation of risk

Apresenta-se o perfil das instituições de atendimento a crianças e adolescentes em situação de risco psicossocial em Ceilândia e Taguatinga. Foram pesquisadas vinte e uma instituições por meio da aplicação de um roteiro de entrevista estruturado com diretores/coordenadores. Evidenciou-se que: a) as instituições atendem as crianças e adolescentes, sem trabalhos específicos para suas famílias ou comunidades; b) 71

This paper show data from 21 institutions to children and adolescents socio-educational care in Ceilândia eTaguatinga. The data were collected with directors/coordinators from these institutions with a structuredinterview and emphasize: a) the institutions work with children and adolescents, but not with their familiesor community; b)71

delas funciona na perspectiva filatrópica religiosa; c) busca-se o alcance da promoção da cidadania, o cuidado profissionalizante e o apoio sócio-educativo, contudo, não há projetos pedagógicos específicos; d) a atuação baseia-se em valores tradicionais, dificultando a compreensão contextual da realidade vivida pelos usuários e suas famílias. Conclui-se a necessidade do comprometimento social e político, bem como com a formação continuada dos técnicos e educadores envolvidos nas atividades institucionais, a sensibilização da comunidade em que as instituições atuam, assim como a busca incessante por parcerias que ofereçam sustentabilidade econômica e humana aos projetos desejados(AU)

is philanthropic with religion approach; c) the institutions aim to promote citizenship,professional capacities and social-educational care, but there is not pedagogical projects to support it; theactivities are based on traditional values what create difficulties to the contextual understanding of psychosocialvulnerability experienced by these youth and their families. Is necessary a social-political compromise, the continuum formation process to the technical time; the community’s sensibility to this reality and the search to economic and human sustained(AU)

Instituições de atendimento socioeducativo à adolescentes em situação de risco do Distrito Federal: panorama e perspectivas / Panorama and perspectives of Distrito Federal´s institutions working with adolescents in a situation of risk

Apresenta-se o perfil das instituições de atendimento a crianças e adolescentes em situação de risco psicossocial em Ceilândia e Taguatinga. Foram pesquisadas vinte e uma instituições por meio da aplicação de um roteiro de entrevista estruturado com diretores/coordenadores. Evidenciou-se que: a) as instituições atendem as crianças e adolescentes, sem trabalhos específicos para suas famílias ou comunidades; b) 71% delas funciona na perspectiva filatrópica religiosa; c) busca-se o alcance da promoção da cidadania, o cuidado profissionalizante e o apoio sócio-educativo, contudo, não há projetos pedagógicos específicos; d) a atuação baseia-se em valores tradicionais, dificultando a compreensão contextual da realidade vivida pelos usuários e suas famílias. Conclui-se a necessidade do comprometimento social e político, bem como com a formação continuada dos técnicos e educadores envolvidos nas atividades institucionais, a sensibilização da comunidade em que as instituições atuam, assim como a busca incessante por parcerias que ofereçam sustentabilidade econômica e humana aos projetos desejados.

This paper show data from 21 institutions to children and adolescents socio-educational care in Ceilândia eTaguatinga. The data were collected with directors/coordinators from these institutions with a structuredinterview and emphasize: a) the institutions work with children and adolescents, but not with their familiesor community; b)71% is philanthropic with religion approach; c) the institutions aim to promote citizenship,professional capacities and social-educational care, but there is not pedagogical projects to support it; theactivities are based on traditional values what create difficulties to the contextual understanding of psychosocialvulnerability experienced by these youth and their families. Is necessary a social-political compromise, the continuum formation process to the technical time; the community’s sensibility to this reality and the search to economic and human sustained.