Fertility of Holstein cows and heifers submitted to timed artificial insemination and receiving one or two doses (12 h apart) of semen.

The objective of this retrospective study was to assess the effect of receiving a single (n = 50,285) or double (n = 4392) artificial insemination (AI), 12 h apart, within a timed artificial insemination protocol on pregnancy per AI (P/AI) in nulliparous heifers (inseminated with either sex-sorted or conventional semen) and pluriparous Holstein cows in a commercial dairy herd. Also, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between temperature-humidity index (THI) and time of the first AI and fertility. Fertility of cows receiving two AI with normothermia (THI <68) was higher (p < .05) than cows receiving a single AI (42.9% vs. 36.4%). P/AI of cows receiving two AI with severe heat stress (THI >85) was higher (p < .05) than cows receiving a single AI (21.0% vs. 12.6%). Regardless of heat stress conditions, applying the first AI in the morning increased (p < .05) P/AI in cows with double AI than in cows whose first AI occurred in the afternoon (38.4 vs. 33.3%). With moderate heat stress, and sexed-sorted semen, P/AI to timed AI was higher (65.0 vs. 51.9%; p < .05) in heifers receiving double AI than those serviced once. It was concluded that double AI, 12 h apart, enhanced fertility at timed AI than herd mates with a single AI, particularly with heat stress at breeding.

In Vitro Antifungal Activity of New and Known Geranylated Phenols against Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands.

A series of new and known geranylated phenol/methoxyphenol derivatives has been tested in vitro as inhibitor agents of mycelial growth of Phytophthora cinnamomi. The activity of tested compounds is correlated with the nature, number, and position of the substituent group on the aromatic ring. Results indicate that the most active geranylated derivatives are those having two hydroxyl groups (or one ⁻OH and one ⁻OCH3) attached to the aromatic ring. Interestingly, these derivatives are as active as Metalaxil®, a commonly used commercial fungicide. Thus, our results suggest that some of these compounds might be of agricultural interest due to their potential use as fungicides against P. cinnamomi. The effect of structure on fungicide activity is discussed in terms of electronic distribution on both the aromatic ring and side geranyl chain. All tested compounds have been synthesized by direct coupling of geraniol and the respective phenol. Interestingly, new digeranylated derivatives were obtained by increasing the reaction time.

Synthesis of New Hydrated Geranylphenols and in Vitro Antifungal Activity against Botrytis cinerea.

Geranylated hydroquinones and other geranylated compounds isolated from Aplydium species have shown interesting biological activities. This fact has prompted a number of studies where geranylated phenol derivatives have been synthesized in order to assay their bioactivities. In this work, we report the synthesis of a series of new hydrated geranylphenols using two different synthetic approaches and their inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea. Five new hydrated geranylphenols were obtained by direct coupling reaction between geraniol and phenol in dioxane/water and using BF3·Et2O as the catalyst or by the reaction of a geranylated phenol with BF3·Et2O. Two new geranylated quinones were also obtained. The synthesis and structural elucidation of all new compounds is presented. All hydrated geranylphenols efficiently inhibit the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Their activity is higher than that observed for non-hydrated compounds. These results indicate that structural modification on the geranyl chain brings about an enhancement of the inhibition effect of geranylated phenol derivatives.

Synthesis and in Vitro Antifungal Activity against Botrytis cinerea of Geranylated Phenols and Their Phenyl Acetate Derivatives.

The inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of plant pathogen Botritys cinerea have been evaluated for a series of geranylphenols substituted with one, two and three methoxy groups in the aromatic ring. The results show that the antifungal activity depends on the structure of the geranylphenols, increasing from 40% to 90% by increasing the number of methoxy groups. On the other hand, the acetylation of the -OH group induces a change of activity that depends on the number of methoxy groups. The biological activity of digeranyl derivatives is lower than that exhibited by the respective monogeranyl compound. All tested geranylphenols have been synthesized by direct coupling of geraniol and the respective phenol. The effect of solvent on yields and product distribution is discussed. For monomethoxyphenols the reaction gives better yields when acetonitrile is used as a solvent and AgNO3 is used as a secondary catalyst. However, for di- and trimethoxyphenols the reaction proceeds only in dioxane.

Perfil de un grupo de pacientes adictos recuperados / Profile of a group of patients recovering addicts

Los autores reportan un intento de determinar algunas características del perfil del adicto recuperado. Bajo un estudio de cohorte de 62 pacientes dependientes fundamentalmente a pasta básica de cocaína, fumada que fueron tratados en la Comunidad Terapéutica Profesional de Ñaña - Lima - Perú, contrastados con un grupo control de 61 sujetos no adictos, con características sociodemográficas similares al grupo de estudio. Los hallazgos más importantes fueron que los adictos recuperados mostraron estilo de afrontamiento al estrés más eficaces, como mayor autoeficacia para no emitir conductas de consumo de cigarrillos, beber alcohol y juegos de azar. Además se mostraron sin diferencias significativas en las creencias irracionales y en la evaluación de personalidad de los cinco factores. En general, sin embargo tendieron a la extroversión, tornándose desenvueltos, activos, comunicativos y con energía en comparación al grupo control.

This is a report of an attempt to determine some characteristics of the recovered addict's personality through a controlled study between a cohort of 62 addicts mainly dependent on smoked cocaine basic paste treated in the professional therapeutical community in Ñaña - Lima - Perú and a control group of 61 nonaddict subjects with similar sociodemographic characteristics. The most important findings revealed that the recovered addicts had a more efficacious life style to cope with stress as well as a better self-efficacy to avoid misconducts such as cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and gambling. Moreover, this group showed no significant difference as to irrational beliefs and the five-factor personality evaluation. Notwithstanding, this group, on the whole, tended to extroversion becoming outgoing, active, communicative, and lively in comparison to the control group.

Perfil de un grupo de pacientes adictos recuperados / Profile of a group of patients recovering addicts

Los autores reportan un intento de determinar algunas características del perfil del adicto recuperado. Bajo un estudio de una cohorte de 62 pacientes dependientes fundamentalmente a pasta básica de cocaína, fumada, que fueron tratados en la Comunidad Terapéutica Profesional de Ñaña, Lima-Perú, contrastados con un grupo control de 61 sujetos no adictos, con características sociodemográficas similares al grupo de estudio. Los hallazgos más importantes fueron que los adictos recuperados mostraron estilos de afrontamiento al estrés más eficaces como mayor autoeficacia para no emitir conductas de consumo de cigarrillos, beber alcohol y juegos de azar: además se mostraron sin diferencias significativas en las creencias irracionales y en la evaluación de personalidad de los cinco factores. En general, sin embargo tendieron a la extroversión, tornándose desenvueltos, activos, comunicativos y con energía en comparación al grupo control.