Association and Correlation Between Amniotic Fluid Index and Glucose Concentration.

PURPOSE: To study the association and correlation between the amniotic fluid index, random glucose concentration, and serum glucose concentration after avoiding oral intake of sugar in a pregnant female with polyhydramnios. METHODS: The research was performed on pregnant women with polyhydramnios (n=104 ) after 28 weeks. USG was performed using a SAMSUNG HS 70A (Samsung Electronics Pvt. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea) and a GE Voluson P8 (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK). We measured amniotic fluid index and took a blood sample for hemoglobin (Hb)A1C, fasting blood glucose, post-prandial and random blood glucose, and also performed a glucose tolerance test in pregnant women. RESULTS: This is a prospective study, all 104 patients that were recruited in this study were pregnant females with polyhydramnios mainly from the urban and rural zone with different age groups (between 21 and 37 years). In our study, we observed that after avoiding oral intake of sugar in pregnant females with polyhydramnios, it was concluded that the amnionic fluid index lies towards the lower side. Polyhydramnios is more common in the urban zone and among older pregnant females. Out of 104 pregnant females with polyhydramnios, 82 were diagnosed with gestational diabetes after 28 weeks. CONCLUSION: In this study, we have concluded that the earliest and most sensitive predictor for gestational diabetes is a rise in the amniotic fluid index which could have been prevented by avoiding oral intake of sugar. Early prediction of gestational diabetes can be made by amniotic fluid index even before glucose concentration. We observed that by reducing oral intake of sugar, the amniotic fluid index drops down in pregnant females.

Comparative Evaluation of Multidetector Computed Tomography and Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Findings in Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis.

AIM: To compare multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) imaging findings in gastrointestinal (GI) tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE: To study imaging findings of MDCT and DECT in GI tuberculosis. METHODOLOGY: All the patients falling in the sampling frame and fulfilling the eligibility criteria were clinically examined and demographic details, presenting complaints, medical history, history of anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) intake, personal habits, and family history of tuberculosis were noted. All the patients underwent sputum acid-fast bacilli (AFB) assessment. Outcomes of investigations like bronchoscopy and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)/biopsy were also noted wherever available. Ascitic fluid AFB and culture assessments were also performed wherever feasible. All CT scans were performed on a 384-slice dual-energy CT scanner (Somaton Force, Siemens Healthcare) and all the images were post-processed on a workstation using syngo.via software that allows the analysis of images using three material decompositions. Features like peritonitis, lymph node involvement, GI wall thickening, and solid organ involvement were focused on. Subjective assessment of images of both MDCT and DECT were assessed by two experienced radiologists to prepare the CT diagnosis. The mutual agreement of the two observers was considered final. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study showed that both MDCT, as well as DECT, were useful in the diagnosis of GI tuberculosis. On the basis of these findings, DECT could be considered to have an edge over MDCT in the diagnosis of GI tuberculosis. Keeping in view the small sample size and high prevalence, further studies on a larger sample size with relaxed sampling criteria are recommended to validate the findings of the present study.

Establishment of Cephalic Index Using Cranial Parameters by Computed Tomography in a Sampled North Indian Population.

BACKGROUND: Cephalic index (CI) also called cranial index is the ratio of maximum breadth to a maximum length of head. The purpose of the study was to study anthropometry of cranial parameters using the computed tomography (CT) scans to establish the CI of the sampled population in North India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study was carried on the subjects of age group ranging from 6 to 95 years of either sex (total 1000 subjects; 540 male and 460 female) in the radio-diagnosis department of Era's Medical College Lucknow, UP, India. The measurement of maximum cranial breadth (MCB) and maximum cranial length (MCL) were taken on a CT scan machine and recorded for analysis. When associating the measures of precision for different subgroups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for modest and efficient errors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting the CI estimation like age, interzygomatic length (IZL), orbital length (OL), MCB, and MCL. RESULT: Out of 1000 studied subjects, the majority 234 (23.4%) of the subjects belong to the 21-30 years age group. MCB of heads and MCL of heads in different ages and on applying the one-way ANOVA association was statistically significant and CI was statistically insignificant. Pearson correlation between the CI and other parameters like age, MCB of heads, and MCL of heads, and a statistically significant correlation was seen with each other. Dolichocephalic types of the skull are found more in male subjects, and brachycephalic type of skull is more common in female subjects. CONCLUSION: The average CI of our study was 76.67±3.18. This shows that northern India's dominant head shape, especially in the Lucknow region, was dolichocephaly. Thus, the CT scan is proven an essential modality in the assessment of cranial parameters in anthropometry.

Spectrum of Chest Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Findings in COVID Patients in North India.

Purpose To study the spectrum of chest dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) imaging findings in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) or COVID-19 infected Indian patients and classify them on the basis of the Radiological Society of North America CT classification. Method A total of 110 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-positive patients (subjects) in which noncontrast chest DECT was done in our COVID-19 care center (CCC) were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of various abnormalities of lung parenchyma due to SARS-COV-2 and their distribution with extent was recorded. Various types of lung parenchyma abnormalities due to COVID-19 were evaluated in all patients. Data were analyzed and various prevalent abnormalities were calculated as a percentage for each type. All the cases were also sorted into four major groups on the basis of the Radiological Society of North America CT classification of COVID patients. Result Among the total 110 patients that were enrolled in this study, 80 (72.7%) were males and 30 (27.3%) were females with a mean age of 40.5 ± 7 years (range 24-84). Out of this, we observed that 59 (53.6%) cases had abnormalities of lung parenchyma and were designated as DECT positive, whereas 51 (46.3%) cases had completely normal DECT. Only 14 (12.7%) of the patients (cases) presented with dyspnoea, 10 (9%) had hyperpnoea, whereas 12 (10.8%) had other associated comorbidities. Among the patients having abnormal DECT findings, multilobar (86%), bilateral lung field involvement (72.8%) with the ascendancy of peripheral and posterior distribution was most commonly noted. With respect to the different types of opacities noted in various patients, we found that ground-glass opacity (GGO) was the common abnormality found in almost all cases for the greatest part. Pure GGO was reported in 16 (28%), GGO admixed with a crazy-paving pattern were elicited in 17 (28.8%) and GGO mixed with consolidation was noted in 25 (42.3%) cases. Thirty-eight (64.4%) cases were having peri-lesional or intra-lesional segments or involving a small segment enlargement of the pulmonary vessel. Among the cases showing DECT positivity, the typical pattern on the basis of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) classification was noted in 71.2% of cases, whereas the atypical pattern was found in 1.2% percent of cases and the intermediate type was depicted in 25.4% percent of cases. Forty-six point three percent (46.3%) of the total cases that were enrolled in the study were grouped as the no pneumonia category. Conclusion The result of this study proved that the maximum number of RT-PCR-positive COVID-19 patients had mild symptoms and few comorbidities with normal chest DECT and fell under the no pneumonia category of the RSNA CT classification of COVID patients. However, out of the remaining patients, the majority of patients had GGO on DECT as a typical finding mixed with other patterns in a bilateral distribution and peripheral predominance. A preponderance of patients presented with the typical appearance of pneumonia followed by an intermediate type.