Treatment of postcatheterisation false aneurysms: ultrasound-guided compression vs ultrasound-guided thrombin injection.

OBJECTIVES: to compare the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of ultrasound-guided compression (UGC) with ultrasound-guided thrombin injection (UGTI) for treatment of postcatheterisation arterial false aneurysms (cFA). DESIGN: prospective clinical study using historical controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we prospectively collected data on 33 consecutive patients diagnosed with cFA larger than 1.5 cm in diameter. These were treated with UGTI. We performed a retrospective review of data on a former group of 33 consecutive historical control patients that were treated by UGC. RESULTS: the groups were similar in respect of demographic and clinical variables. Thirty patients were suitable for UGC and 33 patients were suitable for UGTI. The success rate for UGC was 26/30 (87%) compared to 33/33 (100%) for UGTI (p<0.05). Thrombosis was achieved during the first treatment session in 7/26 patients treated by UGC, compared to 26/33 in the UGTI group (p<0.0001). Four patients that failed UGC and two patients that were unsuitable for UGC required surgical repair. UGTI as compared to UGC was shorter in duration (25 vs 75 min) and required no sedation. No thromboembolic or systemic complications occurred in either group. Cost analysis revealed savings of $US 517 for each patient treated by UGTI as compared with UGC. CONCLUSIONS: in our study, UGTI is superior to UGC, and we suggest that UGTI should become the procedure of choice for the treatment of cFA.

Thromboembolic complications of central venous catheterization of the arm and neck veins.

For more than 30 years central venous catheterization has provided an important means of long-term vascular access and circulatory monitoring. Thrombosis of central veins is one of the serious complications of this procedure, The reported incidence of thrombosis varies and it is often underestimated clinicaIly due to the pau city of signs and symptoms. Symptomatic subelavian vein thrombosis is estimated to occur in up to 15% of patients with indwelling venous access devices.

Lateral venous ulcer and short saphenous vein insufficiency.

PURPOSE: The objective of this report is to emphasize the importance of saphenopopliteal junction (SPJ) reflux in the genesis of lateral leg ulcers and to suggest a proper diagnostic and therapeutic approach. METHODS: Twenty legs with isolated lateral perimalleolar ulcers from the basis for this report. None had medial ankle ulcers, and most showed no hyperpigmentation or lipodermatosclerosis. Fifteen had been treated with a nonvenous diagnosis. Reflux at the SPJ was detected by handheld continuous wave Doppler and was confirmed with duplex scans. No other abnormalities were found. Brief conservative treatment and duplex localization of the SPJ preceded its ligation and division. RESULTS: All ulcers healed within 12 weeks, but one in a radiated leg recurred at 9 months. Other complications included two hematomas and one each of ankle edema, superficial wound infection, and sural neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Even isolated lateral leg and ankle ulcers with minimal accessory venous stigmata can be of venous reflux origin. Detection with the continuous wave Doppler and confirmation of reflux and localization of the SPJ allow surgical correction to proceed swiftly with an expectation of satisfactory results.

Pulse oxymetry evaluation of oxygen saturation in the upper extremity with an arteriovenous fistula before and during hemodialysis.

We noticed that some patients with arteriovenous (AV) fistula on chronic hemodialysis experience pain in the limb with the fistula a short time after being connected to the dialysis machine. We postulated that the pain is caused by relative ischemia and therefore performed this study to determine whether oxygen saturation (SaO2) of the extremities with AV fistula decreases during hemodialysis. Seventy-two patients with a side-to-side primary AV fistula were evaluated by pulse oxymetry. SaO2 was measured before hemodialysis and 20 minutes after initiation of dialysis. The contralateral arm served as a control. In 48 patients, SaO2 difference between the arms of each patient before hemodialysis was less than 4%. SaO2 values of this group of patients did not change significantly 20 minutes after initiation of dialysis. In 24 patients, SaO2 differences between the hands of each patient before hemodialysis were 4% or more. In this group of patients, SaO2 values of the hands with the AV fistula decreased significantly 20 minutes after hemodialysis from a mean of 90.85 +/- 2.84% to 81.60 +/- 3.94 (P < 0.001). SaO2 remained unchanged in the contralateral arm. Nine patients in this group complained of pain and change in sensation in the arm with the fistula during hemodialysis. One patient complained of severe pain in the arm with the fistula before hemodialysis, and SaO2 was unmeasurable. We conclude that, in some patients, SaO2 of the arm with the AV fistula decreases only during hemodialysis. This phenomenon may be symptomatic. A predialysis SaO2 difference of 4% or more between the arms predicts decreased SaO2 of the arm with the AV fistula during hemodialysis.

An integrated noninvasive system for monitoring the microcirculatory effects of vasoactive drugs: an experimental study.

BACKGROUND: No information is available on the effects of vasoactive drugs on the microcirculation and on the correlation between their effects on the capillary and the systemic circulation. PURPOSE: To characterize the effects of nitroglycerin (NTG), nitroprusside (NP), and metaraminol infusion on microcirculatory variables using a noninvasive monitoring system. METHODS: Increasing doses of NTG (5-40 microg/kg/min) and NP (5-20 microg/kg/min) were intravenously infused to eight rabbits. The microcirculatory parameters were monitored by a combined noninvasive system which included laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), photoplethysmograph (PPG), and transcutaneous oxygen tension (tc-PO2). Mean blood pressure (MBP) was measured simultaneously. RESULTS: At maximal rate of NTG infusion, the values of LDF, PPG, tc-PO2, and MBP were 72.2 +/- 23.9, 234.7 +/- 165.6, 103.5 +/- 37.4, and 82.7 +/- 7.4% of baseline, respectively. Following NP infusion the LDF, PPG, tc-PO2, and MBP reached 70.8 +/- 24.1, 190.5 +/- 68.9, 70.0 +/- 14.7, and 75.6 +/- 14.6% of baseline, respectively. The tissue oxygenation was significantly reduced during NP infusion compared to NTG (P < 0.05). The values gradually returned to the baseline 10 min after termination of NP infusion, but not after NTG. After injection of 1 mg metaraminol there was a steep decline in LDF, PPG, and tc-PO2 parallel to a significant increase in MBP. When metaraminol was administered after injection of 0.1 mg phenoxybenzamine, these changes were abolished. CONCLUSIONS: This noninvasive system effectively monitors microcirculatory hemodynamic changes induced by vasoactive drugs. NTG and NP cause similar changes in the systemic and microcirculatory bed, with the exception of peripheral oxygenation, which is reduced only during infusion of NP. The changes in the microcirculatory bed following metaraminol and phenoxybenzamine imply that their effects on the arterioles are mediated by adrenergic alpha-receptors.

Noninvasive evaluation of microcirculatory hemodynamic changes during hemorrhage followed by saline or blood transfusion.

The purpose of the study was to examine the ability of a system combining laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), photoplethysmograph (PPG), and transcutaneous oxygen tension (tc-PO2) to follow changes in the microcirculation during hemorrhage and following blood or saline return, and to test the hypothesis that such changes precede and might predict changes in the systemic blood pressure. Measurements were performed on the skin of anesthetized rabbits (n = 10) during mild (0-8%), moderate (9-24%), and severe (25-30% of blood volume) hemorrhage, and following complete volume restitution by blood or saline. We found the following: 1) hemorrhage caused typical changes in the LDF, PPG, and tc-PO2 signals that could be formulated by mathematical models, 2) these signals identified blood as being more efficient than saline for volume restitution following hemorrhage, and 3) microcirculatory changes precede and might predict systemic hemodynamic events.

Familial leg ulcers of juvenile onset.

Chronic ulceration of the legs was found in the propositus and in ten male relatives in a family of Iraqi Jews. All eleven males had juvenile onset of symptoms. Venous lesions with ulceration were found in two of the propositus' brothers and without ulceration in his three sisters. The findings suggest an autosomal dominant sex-limited genetic defect.

Brown-bowel syndrome.

Extensive brownish discoloration of the small bowel is rare and has been described mainly in association with malabsorption disorders. It is related to deficiency of the fat soluble vitamin E. Vitamin E is an antioxidant substance that prevents peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. Vitamin E deficiency may result in oxidized lipids, which when polymerized with polysaccharides form the brown, PAS-positive pigment termed ceroid or lipofuscin. The deposition of pigmented granules in the effected tissues accounts for the brownish discoloration. We present three patients ultimately found to have "brown bowel syndrome (BBS)," in which the symptoms, preoperative findings, and respective diagnoses were different. In all three patients, serum Vitamin E levels were found to be extremely low.