DIA-based phosphoproteomics identifies early phosphorylation events in response to EGTA and mannitol in Arabidopsis.

Osmotic stress significantly hampers plant growth and crop yields, emphasizing the need for a thorough comprehension of the underlying molecular responses. Previous research has demonstrated that osmotic stress rapidly induces calcium influx and signaling, along with the activation of a specific subset of protein kinases, notably the Raf-SnRK2 kinase cascades within minutes. However, the intricate interplay between calcium signaling and the activation of RAF-SnRK2 kinase cascades remains elusive. Here in this study, we discovered that Raf-like protein (RAF) kinases undergo hyperphosphorylation in response to osmotic shocks. Intriguingly, treatment with the calcium chelator EGTA robustly activates RAF-SnRK2 cascades, mirroring the effects of osmotic treatment. Utilizing high-throughput DIA-based phosphoproteomics, we unveiled the global impact of EGTA on protein phosphorylation. Beyond the activation of RAFs and sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 2s (SnRK2s), EGTA treatment also activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) cascades, Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), and receptor-like protein kinases, etc. Through overlapping assays, we identified potential roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinases (MAP4Ks) and receptor-like protein kinases in the osmotic-stress-induced activation of RAF-SnRK2 cascades. Our findings illuminate the regulation of phosphorylation and cellular events by Ca2+ signaling, offering insights into the (exocellular) Ca2+ deprivation during early hyperosmolality sensing and signaling.

TIMAHAC: Streamlined Tandem IMAC-HILIC Workflow for Simultaneous and High-Throughput Plant Phosphoproteomics and N-glycoproteomics.

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial in plant cellular processes, particularly in protein folding and signal transduction. N-glycosylation and phosphorylation are notably significant PTMs, playing essential roles in regulating plant responses to environmental stimuli. However, current sequential enrichment methods for simultaneous analysis of phosphoproteome and N-glycoproteome are labor-intensive and time-consuming, limiting their throughput. Addressing this challenge, this study introduces a novel tandem S-Trap-IMAC-HILIC (S-Trap: suspension trapping; IMAC: immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography; HILIC: hydrophilic interaction chromatography) strategy, termed TIMAHAC, for simultaneous analysis of plant phosphoproteomics and N-glycoproteomics. This approach integrates IMAC and HILIC into a tandem tip format, streamlining the enrichment process of phosphopeptides and N-glycopeptides. The key innovation lies in the use of a unified buffer system and an optimized enrichment sequence to enhance efficiency and reproducibility. The applicability of TIMAHAC was demonstrated by analyzing the Arabidopsis phosphoproteome and N-glycoproteome in response to abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Up to 1954 N-glycopeptides and 11,255 phosphopeptides were identified from Arabidopsis, indicating its scalability for plant tissues. Notably, distinct perturbation patterns were observed in the phosphoproteome and N-glycoproteome, suggesting their unique contributions to ABA response. Our results reveal that TIMAHAC offers a comprehensive approach to studying complex regulatory mechanisms and PTM interplay in plant biology, paving the way for in-depth investigations into plant signaling networks.

Simple bone cysts of the proximal humerus presented with limb length discrepancy: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Simple bone cysts (SBC) are benign tumor-like bone lesions typically identified in children. While SBC may lead to growth disturbances or growth arrest, such cases are uncommon. The mechanisms behind these observations remain unclear. Additionally, research on the etiology of SBC remains inconclusive, and there has been no consensus on the appropriate timing and methodology for treatment. CASE SUMMARY: Here, we present our experience in the successful surgical management of a 10-year-old girl with SBC, who presented with a pathological fracture complicated by malunion of the displaced fracture, varus deformity, and limb length discrepancy. We hypothesized two possible etiologies for the patient's growth arrest and subsequent humerus varus deformity: (1) Direct disruption of the physis by fluid from the cyst itself; and (2) damage to the epiphysis due to repetitive pathological fractures associated with SBC. In addressing this case, surgical intervention was undertaken to correct the proximal humerus varus deformity. This approach offered the advantages of simultaneously correcting angular abnormalities, achieving mild limb lengthening, providing definitive SBC treatment, and reducing the overall treatment duration. CONCLUSION: As per current literature, acute correction of acute angular deformity in proximal humeral SBC is not well comprehended. However, in this specific case, acute correction was considered an optimal solution.

Synthesis of High-Value Bio-Based Polyamide 12,36 Microcellular Foams with Excellent Dimensional Stability and Shape Recovery Properties.

The search for alternatives to petroleum-based thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (TPAEs) has recently drawn great interest. In this study, a bio-massed TPAE, PA12,36, was synthesized using 1,12-dodecanediamine (DDA) and fatty dimer acid (FDA, PripolTM1009) precursors via catalyst and solvent-free melt polycondensation. The molecular structure and molecular weight of the PA12,36 were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, and GPC. PA12,36 displayed a low melting temperature of 85.8 °C, an initial degradation temperature of 425 °C, and a glass-transition temperature of 30.4 °C, whereas it sustained satisfactory tensile strength (10.0 MPa) and superior strain at break (1378%). Furthermore, PA12,36 was foamed by supercritical CO2, and the cell size, cell density, and porosity were determined. The entangled long-chained FDA component generated a physically crosslinked network, which promoted the melt viscosity of PA12,36 against elongations of foam cell growth and increased foamability significantly. As a result, uniform structured cellular foams with a cell diameter of 15-24 µm and high cell density (1011 cells/cm3-1012 cells/cm3) were successfully achieved. The foaming window was widened from 76 to 81 °C, and the expansion ratio was increased from 4.8 to 9.6. Additionally, PA12,36 foam with a physically crosslinked structure presented a better creep shape recovery percentage (92-97.9%) and sturdier dimensional stability. This bio-based PA12,36 foam is a promising candidate to replace petroleum-based thermoplastic elastomer foams for engineering applications, particularly shoe soles.

Biobased polyester versus synthetic fiberglass casts for treating stable upper limb fractures in children: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Stable upper limb fractures, such as radius, ulna, or distal humerus fractures, are common pediatric orthopedic traumas that are traditionally managed with cast immobilization. The commonly used synthetic fiberglass cast is light and water resistant but may promote skin itchiness during casting, which is a common complaint of patients. In addition, these diisocyanate-based casts have been proven to be toxic and may cause asthma. Herein, we introduce a novel biobased polyester cast to compare its clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction with conventional synthetic fiberglass casts. METHODS: From Feb 2022 to Nov 2022, we undertook a single-center prospective randomized trial involving 100 children with cast-immobilized stable upper limb fractures. These patients were randomized into either biobased polyester or synthetic fiberglass groups. All patients were regularly followed up till the cast removal which occurred approximately 3-4 weeks after immobilizing. Objective clinical findings and subjective patient questionnaire were all collected and analyzed. RESULTS: According to the radiographs taken on the day of cast removal, there was no loss of reduction in both groups. The incidence of skin problems was 3.4 times higher in the synthetic fiberglass group than in the biobased polyester group. For the subjective questionnaire, the biobased polyester cast was preferred in every sub-item. CONCLUSIONS: Our study strongly suggested that the novel biobased polyester cast provides matching stability to conventional fiberglass casts and improves patient satisfaction in an eco-friendlier and safer way. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System ( https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/ ; ID: NCT06102603; Date: 26/10/2023).

Suspension Trapping-Based Sample Preparation Workflow for In-Depth Plant Phosphoproteomics.

Plant phosphoproteomics provides a global view of phosphorylation-mediated signaling in plants; however, it demands high-throughput methods with sensitive detection and accurate quantification. Despite the widespread use of protein precipitation for removing contaminants and improving sample purity, it limits the sensitivity and throughput of plant phosphoproteomic analysis. The multiple handling steps involved in protein precipitation lead to sample loss and process variability. Herein, we developed an approach based on suspension trapping (S-Trap), termed tandem S-Trap-IMAC (immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography), by integrating an S-Trap micro-column with a Fe-IMAC tip. Compared with a precipitation-based workflow, the tandem S-Trap-IMAC method deepened the coverage of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) phosphoproteome by more than 30%, with improved number of multiply phosphorylated peptides, quantification accuracy, and short sample processing time. We applied the tandem S-Trap-IMAC method for studying abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in Arabidopsis seedlings. We thus discovered that a significant proportion of the phosphopeptides induced by ABA are multiply phosphorylated peptides, indicating their importance in early ABA signaling and quantified several key phosphorylation sites on core ABA signaling components across four time points. Our results show that the optimized workflow aids high-throughput phosphoproteome profiling of low-input plant samples.

Sulfide Oxidation on Ladder-Type Heteroarenes to Construct All-Acceptor Copolymers for Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution.

Conjugated polymers (CPs) have recently gained increasing attention as photocatalysts for sunlight-driven hydrogen evolution. However, they suffer from insufficient electron output sites and poor solubility in organic solvents, severely limiting their photocatalytic performance and applicability. Herein, solution-processable all-acceptor (A1 -A2 )-type CPs based on sulfide-oxidized ladder-type heteroarene are synthesized. A1 -A2 -type CPs showed upsurging efficiency improvements by two to three orders of magnitude, compared to their donor-acceptor -type CP counterparts. Furthermore, by seawater splitting, PBDTTTSOS exhibited an apparent quantum yield of 18.9% to 14.8% at 500 to 550 nm. More importantly, PBDTTTSOS achieved an excellent hydrogen evolution rate of 35.7 mmol h-1  g-1 and 150.7 mmol h-1  m-2 in the thin-film state, which is among the highest efficiencies in thin film polymer photocatalysts to date. This work provides a novel strategy for designing polymer photocatalysts with high efficiency and broad applicability.

Tandem Mass Tag-Based Phosphoproteomics in Plants.

Mass spectrometry-based proteomics provide a powerful tool for plant research, allowing global detection of steady-state levels of proteins under a given experimental setup. Here, we provide an optimized protocol for proteomic profiling using tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantitate phosphopeptides and non-phosphopeptides from the same samples. The outlined protocol comprises a series of successive steps, namely, SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) protein extraction, protein precipitation, digestion, TMT labeling, phosphopeptide enrichment, high pH reversed-phase fractionation, LC-MS/MS analysis, protein identification, and data analysis. Our proteome-scale protocol requires 0.1 mg protein per sample and allows for the reliable and accurate quantification of more than 8000 proteins in Arabidopsis plant samples across multiple conditions, including low abundant peptides.

Bio-Based PLA/PBS/PBAT Ternary Blends with Added Nanohydroxyapatite: A Thermal, Physical, and Mechanical Study.

The physical and mechanical properties of novel bio-based polymer blends of polylactic acid (PLA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with various added amounts of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) were investigated in this study. The formulations of PLA/PBS/PBAT/nHA blends were divided into two series, A and B, containing 70 or 80 wt% PLA, respectively. Samples of four specimens per series were prepared using a twin-screw extruder, and different amounts of nHA were added to meet the regeneration needs of bone graft materials. FTIR and XRD analyses were employed to identify the presence of each polymer and nHA in the various blends. The crystallization behavior of these blends was examined using DSC. Tensile and impact strength tests were performed on all samples to screen feasible formulations of polymer blends for bone graft material applications. Surface morphology analyses were conducted using SEM, and the dispersion of nHA particles in the blends was further tested using TEM. The added nHA also served as a nucleating agent aimed at improving the crystallinity and mechanical properties of the blends. Through the above analyses, the physical and mechanical properties of the polymer blends are reported and the most promising bone graft material formulations are suggested. All blends were tested for thermal degradation analysis using TGA and thermal stability was confirmed. The water absorption experiments carried out in this study showed that the addition of nHA could improve the hydrophilicity of the blends.

Nanofiber-Based Odor-Free Medical Mask Fabrication Using Polyvinyl Butyral and Eucalyptus Anti Odor Agent.

Following the 2020 COVID-19 worldwide outbreak, many countries adopted sanitary and safety measures to safeguard public health such as wearing medical face mask. While face masks became a necessity for people, disadvantages impede their long period wearing such as uncomfortable breathability and odor. The intermediate layer of the medical face mask is composed of porous non-woven fabric to block external particles while maintaining breathability. To overcome aforementioned limitation, this study uses electrospinning to design and fabricate odorless face masks via the use of aromatic oil. Eucalyptus essential oil is encapsulated through mixing and layer-by-layer by hydrophobic polyvinyl butyral and further used to fabricate the medical mask intermediate layer. We found that adding 0.2 g of eucalyptus into polyvinyl butyral fabric through mixing results in the deodorization rate of 80% after 2 h, with fabric thickness of 440.9 µm, and melt-blown non-woven fabric thickness of 981.7 µm. The Particle Filtration Efficiency of 98.3%, Bacterial Filtration Efficiency above 99.9%, and the differential pressure of 4.7 mm H2O/cm2 meet the CNS 14774 standard on medical face masks. Therefore, this study successfully proved that this type of masks' middle layer not only effectively protects against coronavirus, but also provides better scents and makes it more comfortable for consumers.

Main-chain engineering of polymer photocatalysts with hydrophilic non-conjugated segments for visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution.

Photocatalytic water splitting is attracting considerable interest because it enables the conversion of solar energy into hydrogen for use as a zero-emission fuel or chemical feedstock. Herein, we present a universal approach for inserting hydrophilic non-conjugated segments into the main-chain of conjugated polymers to produce a series of discontinuously conjugated polymer photocatalysts. Water can effectively be brought into the interior through these hydrophilic non-conjugated segments, resulting in effective water/polymer interfaces inside the bulk discontinuously conjugated polymers in both thin-film and solution. Discontinuously conjugated polymer with 10 mol% hexaethylene glycol-based hydrophilic segments achieves an apparent quantum yield of 17.82% under 460 nm monochromatic light irradiation in solution and a hydrogen evolution rate of 16.8 mmol m-2 h-1 in thin-film. Molecular dynamics simulations show a trend similar to that in experiments, corroborating that main-chain engineering increases the possibility of a water/polymer interaction. By introducing non-conjugated hydrophilic segments, the effective conjugation length is not altered, allowing discontinuously conjugated polymers to remain efficient photocatalysis.

Bio-based poly(hexamethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate-co-2,6-naphthalate) copolyesters: a study of thermal, mechanical, and gas-barrier properties.

A series of poly(hexamethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate-co-2,6-naphthalate) copolyesters were synthesized using various amounts of poly(hexylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PHF) and poly(hexylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PHN) via melt polymerization. The effects of introducing 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (NDCA) on the thermal, mechanical, and gas-barrier properties were investigated. When the NDCA content was less than 30 mol%, the temperatures of crystallization (Tc) and melting (Tm) decreased as the amount of NDCA was increased owing to disturbance of the polymer-chain regularity. When the NDCA content was above 50 mol%, the Tc and Tm of the materials increased as the NDCA content was increased, showing that the dominant crystallization behavior varied from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid to NDCA. Hence, the glass transition temperature (Tg) increased as the NDCA content was increased, which was attributed to the incorporation of NDCA with a more rigid naphthalate structure compared with the furan ring. The gas-barrier properties of the samples were observed to improve with the introduction of NDCA; this tendency could be explained by the ß-relaxation behavior and free volume values of the samples in the amorphous state. The activation energy (Ea) of ß-relaxation increased with the NDCA content, indicating that higher amounts of energy were needed to trigger the onset of long-range molecular motions. Free-volume calculations of the polymer structure showed that the introduction of NDCA hindered the space for gas penetration. For these reasons, the gas-barrier properties were improved and evaluated.

A Rapid Thermal Absorption Rate and High Latent Heat Enthalpy Phase Change Fiber Derived from Bio-Based Low Melting Point Copolyesters.

A series of poly(butylene adipate-co-hexamethylene adipate) (PBHA) copolymers with different content of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) was synthesized via one-step melt polymerization. The PBHA copolymer with 5 mol% CHDM (PBHA-C5) exhibited a low melting point (Tm) and high enthalpy of fusion (∆Hm) of 35.7 °C and 43.9 J g-1, respectively, making it a potential candidate for an ambient temperature adjustment textile phase change material (PCM). Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) was selected as the matrix and blended at different weight ratios of PBHA-C5, and the blended samples showed comparable Tm and ∆Hm after three cycles of cooling and reheating, indicating good maintenance of their phase changing ability. Samples were then processed via melt spinning with a take-up speed of 200 m min-1 at draw ratios (DR) of 1.0 to 3.0 at 50 °C. The fiber's mechanical strength could be enhanced to 2.35 g den-1 by increasing the DR and lowering the PBHA-C5 content. Infrared thermography showed that a significant difference of more than 5 °C between PBT and other samples was achieved within 1 min of heating, indicating the ability of PBHA-C5 to adjust the temperature. After heating for 30 min, the temperatures of neat PBT, blended samples with 27, 30, and 33 wt% PBHA-C5, and neat PBHA-C5 were 53.8, 50.2, 48.3, 47.2, and 46.5 °C, respectively, and reached an equilibrium state, confirming the temperature adjustment ability of PBHA-C5 and suggesting that it can be utilized in thermoregulating applications.

Highly Stretchable Fully Biomass Autonomic Self-Healing Polyamide Elastomers and Their Foam for Selective Oil Absorption.

Renewable polymers with self-healing ability, excellent elongation, hydrophobicity, and selective oil absorption attributes are of interest for an extensive range of applications, such as e-skin, soft robots, wearable devices, and cleaning up oil spills. Herein, two fully renewable eco-friendly polyamide (PA)-based self-healing elastomers (namely, PA36,IA, and PA36,36) were prepared by a facile and green one-pot melt polycondensation of itaconic acid (IA), PripolTM 1009, and PriamineTM 1075 monomers. The molecular structures of these PAs were analyzed by FITR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The distinct structure of these PAs shows superior strain values (above 2300%) and high ambient temperature autonomous self-healing ability. Interestingly, the synthesized renewable PA36,36 showed zero water absorption values and hydrophobic properties with a contact angle of θ = 91° compared to the synthesized PA36,IA and other previously reported PAs. These excellent attributes are due to the low concentration of amide groups, the highly entangled main chains, the intermolecular diffusion, the manifold dangling chains, and the numerous reversible physical bonds within the renewable PAs. Furthermore, the hydrophobic properties may aid in the selective oil absorption of the PA36,36-based foam, for which PA36,36 foam is produced by the green supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) batch foaming process. The PA36,36 foam with a microporous cellular structure showed better absorption capacity and high stability in repeated use. Due to these advantages, these bio-based PAs have potential for the production of eco-friendly self-healing materials, superabsorbent foams, and other polymeric materials.

Synthesis of Bio-Based Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Butylene Itaconate) Copolyesters with Pentaerythritol: A Thermal, Mechanical, Rheological, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study.

Bio-based unsaturated poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene itaconate) (PBABI) aliphatic copolyesters were synthesized with pentaerythritol (PE) as a modifier, observing the melting point, crystallization, and glass transition temperatures were decreased from 59.5 to 19.5 °C and 28.2 to -9.1 °C as an increase of itaconate concentration, and Tg ranged from -54.6 to -48.1 °C. PBABI copolyesters tend to the amorphous state by the existence of the BI unit above 40 mol%. The yield strength, elongation, and Young's modulus at different BA/BI ratios were valued in a range of 13.2-13.8 MPa, 575.2-838.5%, and 65.1-83.8 MPa, respectively. Shear-thinning behavior was obtained in all BA/BI ratios of PBABI copolyesters around an angular frequency range of 20-30 rad s-1. Furthermore, the thermal and mechanical properties of PBABI copolyesters can be well regulated via controlling the itaconic acid contents and adding the modifier. PBABI copolyesters can be coated on a 3D air mesh polyester fabric to reinforce the mechanical property for replacing traditional plaster applications.

Synthesis and Nonisothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(Butylene Terephthalate-co-Tetramethylene Ether Glycol) Copolyesters.

Poly(butylene terephthalate-co-tetramethylene ether glycol) (PBT-co-PTMEG) copolymers with PTMEG ranging from 0 to 40 wt% were synthesized through melt polymerization. The structure and composition were supported by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). All samples had excellent thermal stability at a Td-5% around 370 °C. Crystallization temperature (Tc) and enthalpy of crystallization (ΔHc) were detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), revealing a decrement from 182.3 to 135.1 °C and 47.0 to 22.1 J g-1, respectively, with the increase in PTMEG concentration from 0 to 40 wt%. Moreover, nonisothermal crystallization was carried out to explore the crystallization behavior of copolymers; the crystallization rate of PBT reduced gradually when PTMEG content increased. Hence, a decrement in the spherulite growth rate was detected in polarizing light microscope (PLM) observation, observing that the PTMEG could enhance the hindrance in the molecular chain to lower the crystallinity of PBT-co-PTMEG copolyester. Moreover, thermal properties and the crystallization rate of PBT-co-PTMEG copolymers can be amended via the regulation of PTMEG contents.

Effect of Bis (2-Aminoethyl) Adipamide/Adipic Acid Segment on Polyamide 6: Crystallization Kinetics Study.

The crystallization behavior of novel polyamide 6 (PA6) copolyamides with different amounts of bis (2-aminoethyl) adipamide/adipic acid (BAEA/AA) segment was investigated. The wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) results showed that as the amount of BAEA/AA segment increased to 10 mole%, the crystalline forms of all PA6 copolyamide were transferred from the stable α-form to the unstable γ-form because of the complex polymer structure. According to studies of crystallization kinetics, the Avrami exponent (n) values for all copolyamide samples ranged from 1.43 to 3.67 under isothermal conditions, implying that the crystallization is involved in the two- to three-dimensional growth at a high temperature of isothermal condition. The copolyamides provided a slower crystallization rate and higher crystallization activation energy (ΔEa) than neat PA6. Polyamide containing 10 mole% of BEAE/AA content exhibited a unique crystallization behavior in the coexistence of the α and γ forms. These results deepen our understanding of the relationship between BAEA/AA content, crystal structure, and its crystallization behavior in low-melting PA6, and they make these types of copolyamides useful for their practical application.

Effect of 1,2,4,5-Benzenetetracarboxylic Acid on Unsaturated Poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene itaconate) Copolyesters: Synthesis, Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics, Thermal and Mechanical Properties.

Unsaturated poly (butylene adipate-co-butylene itaconate) (PBABI) copolyesters were synthesized through melt polymerization composed of 1,4-butanediol (BDO), adipic acid (AA), itaconic acid (IA) and 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as a cross-linking modifier. The melting point, crystallization and glass transition temperature of the PBABI copolyesters were detected around 29.8-49 °C, 7.2-29 °C and -51.1 and -58.1 °C, respectively. Young's modulus can be modified via partial cross-linking by BTCA in the presence of IA, ranging between 32.19-168.45 MPa. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics were carried out to explore the crystallization behavior, revealing the highest crystallization rate was placed in the BA/BI = 90/10 at a given molecular weight. Furthermore, the thermal, mechanical properties, and crystallization rate of PBABI copolyesters can be tuned through the adjustment of BTCA and IA concentrations.

Conjugated Copolymers through Electrospinning Synthetic Strategies and Their Versatile Applications in Sensing Environmental Toxicants, pH, Temperature, and Humidity.

Conjugated copolymers (CCPs) are a class of polymers with excellent optical luminescent and electrical conducting properties because of their extensive π conjugation. CCPs have several advantages such as facile synthesis, structural tailorability, processability, and ease of device fabrication by compatible solvents. Electrospinning (ES) is a versatile technique that produces continuous high throughput nanofibers or microfibers and its appropriate synchronization with CCPs can aid in harvesting an ideal sensory nanofiber. The ES-based nanofibrous membrane enables sensors to accomplish ultrahigh sensitivity and response time with the aid of a greater surface-to-volume ratio. This review covers the crucial aspects of designing highly responsive optical sensors that includes synthetic strategies, sensor fabrication, mechanistic aspects, sensing modes, and recent sensing trends in monitoring environmental toxicants, pH, temperature, and humidity. In particular, considerable attention is being paid on classifying the ES-based optical sensor fabrication to overcome remaining challenges such as sensitivity, selectivity, dye leaching, instability, and reversibility.

Isothermal Kinetics of Poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene itaconate) Copolyesters with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid.

A series of aliphatic copolyesters, poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene itaconate) (PBABI), have been synthesized using melt polycondensation of adipic acid (AA), itaconic acid (IA), 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO), and the tetra-functional group of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 0.1 mol %) to form partially cross-linking density as novel thermoplastic unsaturated copolyesters in our previous research. The crystal phase of PBABI copolyesters tended to prefer thermodynamics in the presence of a small amount of EDTA. The isothermal crystallization analysis revealed that the PBABI with EDTA exhibited a higher crystallization rate and a shorter half-time of crystallization than neat PBABI copolyesters. All of the sizes of spherulite/sheet crystals in the BA/BI = 9/1 are smaller than at BA/BI = 10/0 with or without a cross-linking agent, which demonstrated that the morphology behavior tended to form a small sheet crystal in the presence of 10 mol % IA, which played a dominant role in determining the average size of the crystal. These results deepen our understanding of the relationship among the cross-linking agent, the crystal form, and solidification time in PBABI copolyesters, making these kinds of polymers applicable to reinforce three-dimensional (3D) air-permeable polyester-based smart textiles.