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Several voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) from nociceptive nerve fibers have been identified as important effectors in pain signaling. The objective of this study is to investigate the electroacupuncture (EA) analgesia mechanism by changing the expression of Navs in mice dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We injected carrageenan and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the mice plantar surface of the hind paw to induce inflammation and examined the antinociception effect of EA at the Zusanli (ST36) acupoint at 2 Hz low frequency. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated by using electronic von Frey filaments, and thermal hyperalgesia was assessed using Hargreaves' test. Furthermore, we observed the expression and quality of Navs in DRG neurons. Our results showed that EA reduced mechanical and thermal pain in inflammatory animal model. The expression of Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 was increased after 4 days of carrageenan- and CFA-elicited inflammatory pain and further attenuated by 2 Hz EA stimulation. The attenuation cannot be observed in Nav1.9 sodium channels. We demonstrated that EA at Zusanli (ST36) acupoint at 2 Hz low-frequency stimulation attenuated inflammatory pain accompanied by decreasing the expression of Nav1.7 and 1.8, rather than Nav1.9, sodium channels in peripheral DRG neurons.
RESUMO
The dried flowers and buds of Sophora japonica are used as a medicinal herb in China, Japan and Korea to treat bleeding hemorrhoids and hematemesis. This article presents an overview of the effects of Sophora japonica on cerebral infarction based on literature searched from Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Sophora japonica contains both anti-hemorrhagic and anti-hemostatic substances. Sophora japonica reduces cerebral infarction partly as a result of its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Previous studies found that Sophora japonica reduced the size of cerebral infarction and neurological deficits and reduced microglial activation, interleukin-1ß release and number of apoptotic cells in ischemia-reperfusion injured Sprague-Dawley rats. Further study is required to determine the relationship between Sophora japonica-mediated reduction in cerebral infarction size and the effects of Sophora japonica on platelet aggregation and cardiovascular function.
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: To investigate the feasibility and clinical impact of the 7th edition of the "Tumor, Node, Metastasis" (TNM) classification scheme in lung cancer as proposed by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) for non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: We evaluated the feasibility of the new staging system in our routine biweekly multidisciplinary lung cancer staging conference compared with the 6th TNM staging in a prospective manner from April 2008 to June 2009. The impact of IASLC staging versus the 6th TNM staging was observed at three levels: change in substaging, staging, and clinical management (based on the discussion within the staging conference). RESULTS: From 348 patients discussed during these conferences, 226 eligible non-small cell lung cancer patients newly diagnosed within the study period were reviewed and clinically staged. The majority were elderly (median age, 67 years) and men (58%). Of these, 23 patients had different staging, and four patients had different substaging in the IASLC staging compared with the 6th TNM staging. An impact on clinical management was seen in 2.7% (6 of 226) of these patients because of coding ipsilateral different-lobe metastasis as T4 instead of M1. CONCLUSIONS: The new staging system was clinically feasible and resulted in some (27 of 226, 12%) differences in staging. An impact on clinical decision making was occasionally seen within our institutional practice. Further studies are needed to investigate the comprehensive and long-term impact of the new staging system.
