Risk factors for reoperation after discectomy of lumbar herniated intervertebral disc disease.

Objectives: Discectomy is the most common surgery for lumbar herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD) disease. However, 5%-24% of patients undergo a second surgery due to recurrent disc herniation. Materials and Methods: This study was aimed to identify the risk factors for reoperation after discectomy of lumbar HIVD and recommend treatment for patients with a high risk of reoperation. We recruited patients diagnosed as having single-level lumbar HIVD who underwent open discectomy from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2012 in our hospital. We used a survival curve to inspect the survival time and reoperation rate after surgery. We discussed the correlation of reoperation rate with discectomy level, body mass index, heavy lifting after surgery, sex, and age. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between the experience of a surgeon and the reoperation rate. Results: A total of 619 patients were enrolled in our study. Most patients were 40-60 years old (48.8%), and most of them had herniation at L4/5 level (48.9%). The 8-year survival rate was 92%. Weight lifting after surgery may increase the reoperation rate by 115 and 18 times for those >60 years and <40 years, respectively. In addition, less experience of the surgeon and female sex had a high reoperation rate. Conclusion: Postoperative working modification may be very important for preventing patients from recurrent HIVD. For elderly people with HIVD, a more conservative therapy could be selected. If patients with lumbar spine hypermobility or severe degeneration require wide laminectomy, primary fusion should be considered.

Research of Global Tilt and Functional Independence: Insights into Spinal Health of Older Women.

Spinal alignment intricately influences functional independence, particularly in older women with osteopenia experiencing mild neck and back pain. This study elucidates the interplay between spinal alignment, bone mineral density (BMD), and muscle strength in elderly women presenting with mild neck and back pain. Focusing on a cohort of 189 older women, we examined the associations among global tilt (GT), coronal and sagittal alignment, BMD, grip strength, and functional independence as gauged by the Barthel index. Our findings indicate significant associations between functional capacity and grip strength, bone density, GT, and pelvic tilt (PT). Elderly women with a Barthel Index above 80 demonstrated higher grip strength and better bone quality, reflected by less negative average T scores. These individuals also exhibited lower values of GT and PT, suggesting a better sagittal alignment compared to those with a Barthel index of 80 or below. The results highlight that deviations in GT and PT are significantly associated with decreased functional independence. These insights emphasize the importance of maintaining optimal spinal alignment and muscle strength to support functional independence in elderly women. This study underscores the potential for targeted interventions that improve postural stability and manage pain effectively in this vulnerable population.

Therapeutic advantage of teriparatide in very elderly patients with proximal femoral fractures: a functional and BMD analysis.

BACKGROUND: Teriparatide, a recombinant parathyroid hormone, is pivotal in osteoporosis treatment, particularly in post-surgical recovery for hip fractures. This study investigates its efficacy in functional recovery post-hip fracture surgery in elderly patients, a demographic particularly susceptible to osteoporotic fractures. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 150 elderly patients with proximal femoral fractures undergoing open reduction and internal fixation were enrolled. They were categorized into two groups: receiving 20 µg of daily teriparatide injections for 18 months and receiving standard antiresorptive medications during a 24-month follow-up. Detailed records of patient demographics, Fracture Risk Assessment Tool scores, and comorbidities were kept. Key outcomes, including bone mineral density (BMD) and functional scores (Barthel Index and Visual Analog Scale for hip pain), were evaluated at 3 and 24 months post-surgery. RESULTS: Out of the original cohort, 126 patients (20 men and 106 women with an average age of 85.5 ± 9.3 years) completed the study. The teriparatide group exhibited significant enhancements in both functional scores and BMD when compared to the control group. Notably, functional improvements were less pronounced in male patients compared to female patients. Additionally, the incidence of new fractures was markedly lower in the teriparatide group. CONCLUSION: Administering teriparatide daily for 18 months post-surgery for proximal femoral fractures significantly benefits very elderly patients by improving functionality and bone density, with observed differences in recovery between genders. These results reinforce the efficacy of teriparatide as a potent option for treating osteoporosis-related fractures in the elderly and highlight the importance of considering gender-specific treatment and rehabilitation strategies.

Correlations between Sagittal Parameters and Functional Scores in 65-Year-Old Osteoporotic Females with Vertebral Body Fracture under Low-Energy Mechanism.

Background: Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are the most common fragility fractures associated with low-energy injury mechanisms in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. No clear consensus is currently available on the optimal timing for surgical intervention in specific cases. Methods: This study examined the correlations between sagittal parameters, functional scores, and the appropriate timing for surgical intervention during the recovery stage in patients with osteoporosis with thoracolumbar (TL) vertebral body fractures. A total of 161 women aged ≥ 65 years with osteoporosis were included in the study. Spinal sagittal parameters from standing plain films and functional outcomes as the Oswestry disability index (ODI) and the visual analogue scale (VAS) were collected. Results: We found that TL junction Cobb angle was significantly correlated with ODI > 30 (p < 0.001) and VAS > 6 (p < 0.001) and the discriminative values for predicting ODI > 30 and VAS > 6 were a TL kyphotic angle of 14.5° and 13.5°, respectively. Among women aged ≥ 65 years with osteoporosis, the back pain and functional impairment observed within 6 months following a compression fracture are associated with a greater TL kyphosis angle. Conclusions: This suggests that a more proactive approach may be necessary when addressing the conditions of these patients.

Current treatment concepts for Achilles tendon rupture.

Achilles tendon rupture is a common and primary cause of lower limb tendon injury suffered during sports-related activities. The causes of Achilles tendon rupture include the calf muscle and tendon overuse, poor tendon quality, and various medical conditions. Historically, acute Achilles tendon rupture was treated conservatively. However, historical techniques are now associated with an increased risk of rerupture. To address this problem, open repair has been proposed. Open repair is associated with a reduced risk of rerupture; however, it is also closely associated with wound complications, like wound infection, whose treatment is time-consuming and costly. Therefore, minimally invasive Achilles tendon repair has been proposed as a promising option with acceptable functional outcomes. Nevertheless, despite its benefits, minimally invasive Achilles tendon repair is associated with increased risks of sural nerve injury and rerupture. In this review, we evaluate the currently used treatment strategies for acute Achilles tendon rupture and their historical evolution to provide evidence-based recommendations for physicians.

Femoral neck system versus multiple cannulated screws for the fixation of Pauwels classification type II femoral neck fractures in older female patients with low bone mass.

BACKGROUND: Femoral neck fractures in older adult patients are a major concern and often necessitate surgical intervention. This study compared the clinical outcomes of 2 surgical techniques: the femoral neck system (FNS) and cannulated compression screws (CCSs). METHODS: A total of 40 female patients (mean age 73.50 ± 11.55 years) with femoral neck fractures of Pauwels classification type II and receiving surgical fixation between 2020 and 2022 were enrolled. The patients were categorized into an FNS group (n = 12) or a CCS group (n = 28), and surgical duration, intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, and incidence of postoperative adverse events were analyzed. RESULTS: No significant intergroup differences in demographic characteristics were discovered. The mean surgical duration for all patients was 52.88 ± 22.19 min, with no significant difference between the groups. However, the FNS group experienced significantly higher intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.002) and longer hospital stay (P = 0.023) than did the CCS group. The incidence of osteonecrosis was higher in the CCS group, whereas the incidence of nonunion or malunion was higher in the FNS group. The surgical method did not appear to be a significant risk factor. The main risk factor for revision surgery was longer duration until the first adverse event (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: The FNS does not appear to provide superior surgical outcomes compared with CCSs in older adult women with Pauwels classification type II femoral neck fractures. A longer duration between surgical fixation and the first adverse event before stabilization of the fracture site may be a risk factor for revision surgery.

Incidence of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Related Risk Factors among Elderly Patients Undergoing Surgery for Major Limb Fractures: An Analytical Cohort Study.

(1) Background: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB), a major postoperative complication after surgical fixation of major limb fractures, can be fatal but is often neglected. This study determined the incidence rates of and related risk factors for perioperative UGIB among older patients with major upper limb fractures but without a history of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). (2) Methods: We collected the data of patients aged more than 65 years who underwent surgery for major limb fracture between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2017, from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database and excluded those with a history of UGIB and PUD before the date of surgery. The primary outcome was the incidence of UGIB requiring panendoscopy during hospitalization. A multiple logistic regression model was used to identify the independent predictors of UGIB, with adjustment for confounding factors. The final model included variables that were either statistically significant in univariate analyses or deemed clinically important. (3) Results: The incidence of UGIB was 2.8% among patients with major limb fractures. Male sex, older age, major lower limb fracture, and a history of chronic renal disease were significant risk factors for the increased incidence of perioperative UGIB. (4) Conclusions: Patients with major limb fractures who underwent surgery exhibited a higher rate of stress ulceration with UGIB, even when they had no history of PUD. Perioperative preventive protocols (e.g., protocols for the administration of proton-pump inhibitors) may be necessary for patients with these major risk factors.

COVID-19 Infection Was Associated with the Functional Outcomes of Hip Fracture among Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic Apex.

Background and Objectives: Hip fractures are associated with mortality and poor functional outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected patterns of care and health outcomes among fracture patients. This study aimed to determine the influence of COVID-19 infection on hip fracture recovery. Materials and Methods: We prospectively collected data on patients with hip fractures who presented at Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital between 9 March 2022 and 9 September 2022. The data included demographic information and functional scores taken before, during, and after surgery. The patients were divided into two groups: COVID-19 (+) and COVID-19 (-). Results: This study recruited 85 patients, 12 of whom (14.12%) were COVID-19 (+). No significant differences in preoperative or perioperative parameters between the two groups were observed. The postoperative Barthel index score was significantly impacted by COVID-19 infection (p = 0.001). The incidence of postoperative complications was significantly correlated with general anesthesia (p = 0.026) and the length of stay (p = 0.004) in hospital. Poor postoperative functional scores were associated with lower preoperative Barthel index scores (p < 0.001). Male sex (p = 0.049), old age (p = 0.012), a high American Society of Anesthesiologists grade (p = 0.029), and a high Charlson comorbidity index score (p = 0.028) were associated with mortality. Conclusions: Hip fracture surgeries were not unduly delayed in our hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the patients' postoperative Barthel index scores were significantly influenced by COVID-19 (+). The preoperative Barthel index score may be a good predictive tool for the postoperative functional recovery of these patients.

Tramadol May Increase Risk of Hip Fracture in Older Adults with Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis.

Tramadol, an analgesic widely used for arthritic pain, is known to have adverse effects. This study investigated the association between the long-term use of tramadol for pain control and subsequent hip fractures in patients aged 60 years or older with posttraumatic osteoarthritis. This population-based retrospective cohort study included patients with posttraumatic osteoarthritis who received tramadol for pain control for more than 90 days within a 1-year period. A control cohort was enrolled using propensity score matching. The primary outcome was a new diagnosis of hip fracture requiring surgery. In total, 3093 patients were classified into each cohort. Tramadol use was identified as a risk factor for hip fracture (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.41; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.82; p = 0.008), especially among patients aged 60-70 years (aHR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.29-3.47; p = 0.003) and among male patients (aHR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.24-2.70; p = 0.002). This is the first cohort study focusing on the association between long-term tramadol use and hip fracture among older adults with posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Tramadol, as a long-term pain control analgesic for older adults with posttraumatic osteoarthritis, may increase the risk of hip fracture, especially among male patients and those aged 60-70 years.

Bioinspired collagen-gelatin-hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulfate tetra-copolymer scaffold biomimicking native cartilage extracellular matrix facilitates chondrogenesis of human synovium-derived stem cells.

The microenvironment plays a crucial role in stem cell differentiation, and a scaffold that mimics native cartilaginous extracellular components can promote chondrogenesis. In this study, a collagen-gelatin-hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulfate tetra-copolymer scaffold with composition and architecture similar to those of hyaline cartilage was fabricated using a microfluidic technique and compared with a pure gelatin scaffold. The newly designed biomimetic scaffold had a swelling ratio of 1278 % ± 270 %, a porosity of 77.68 % ± 11.70 %, a compressive strength of 1005 ± 174 KPa, and showed a good resilience against compression force. Synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs) seeded into the tetra-copolymer scaffold attached to the scaffold firmly and exhibited good mitochondrial activity, high cell survival with a pronounced glycosaminoglycan production. SDSCs cultured on the tetra-copolymer scaffold with chondrogenic induction exhibited upregulated mRNA expression of COL2A1, ChM-1, Nrf2, TGF-ß1, and BMP-7. Ex vivo study revealed that the SDSC-tetra-copolymer scaffold regenerated cartilage-like tissue in SCID mice with abundant type II collagen and S-100 production. BMP7 and COL2A1 expression in the tetra-copolymer scaffold group was much higher than that in the gelatin scaffold group ex vivo. The tetra-copolymer scaffold thus exhibits strong chondrogenic capability and will facilitate cartilage tissue engineering.

Surgical Reconstruction with Tendon Allografting Following Iatrogenic Rupture of the Plantar Fascia: A Case Report.

Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain, and the disorder is generally self-limiting after adequate conservative treatment. When conservative treatment is unsuccessful, surgical release is an effective treatment option. Here we report a case of iatrogenic plantar fascia rupture after surgical release for treatment of recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. Preoperative MRI revealed a 4.2 cm gap between the distal fascia stump and the calcaneal tuberosity in the sagittal view at 8 months post-injury. To circumvent the possibility of rupture site retear or poor tissue healing by direct repair, we used tendon allografting for the reconstruction of the chronic plantar fascia rupture. The patient gradually recovered after the surgery. Complications of plantar fascia rupture after surgical release is a potential risk but rarely observed. Chronic plantar fascia rupture with medial arch collapse is difficult to treat. We used a tendon allograft to reconstruct the plantar fascia, restoring its function and mechanical strength. After 5 years of follow-up, no complications were reported, and magnetic resonance imaging indicated the reconstructed plantar fascia tissue to be in good condition.

Retrograde Intramedullary Kirschner Wire Fixation as an Alternative for Treating Distal Fibular Shaft Fractures Combined with Distal Tibial Pilon Fractures.

Treatment or management techniques for pilon fractures are associated with high complication rates and poor outcomes. No consensus exists regarding the optimal surgical option for pilon fractures, especially for pilon fractures combined with distal fibular fractures. Accordingly, we explored the use of fibular fixation for treating pilon fractures involving distal fibular shaft fractures. We hypothesized that retrograde intramedullary Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation is a suitable alternative technique for distal fibular fixation. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 156 patients who underwent surgery for pilon fractures at our hospital from May 2013 to May 2021. The radiographic and functional outcomes were comparable between the fibular intramedullary nailing (Group A; n = 80) and the fibular plating (Group B; n = 76) groups. Groups A and B differed significantly in total hospitalization time (11.4 vs. 18.2 days, p = 0.024), length of postoperative admission (6.8 vs. 11.4 days, p = 0.012), and total admission cost (USD 3624 vs. USD 6145, p = 0.004). We also noted that poor Olerud and Molander ankle scores were significantly associated with age (p = 0.008), smoking (p = 0.012), and preoperative admission length (p = 0.018). Retrograde intramedullary K-wire fixation produced a comparable 12-month functional outcome to plate fixation for distal fibular shaft fractures, rendering it a viable alternative method based on soft tissue condition.

Successful Endovascular Surgery for Iatrogenic Common Iliac Artery Injury during Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Case Report.

An 80-year-old man was admitted with an L5 compression fracture, L4/5 spondylolisthesis, and L5 radiculopathy and underwent a TLIF procedure. Refractory hypotension occurred, though it indicated a possible great vessel injury with vasopressor and fluid infusion. Emergent intraoperative angiography was performed, which showed extravasation at the right common iliac artery. Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta followed by right common iliac artery stenting was successfully performed to arrest the bleeding. The iatrogenic right common iliac artery laceration was complicated with abdomen compartment syndrome and acute kidney injury. The patient received supportive care, including continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) for a week, after which the patient's condition improved. The patient did not have any residual complications at the one-month follow-up. Great vessel injury during the TLIF procedure is rare but fatal. Refractory hypotension is indicative of a great vessel injury. Endovascular intervention is a fast and promising method to diagnose and treat arterial injury.

Midterm outcomes of midfoot and hindfoot arthrodesis with strut allograft for Müller-Weiss disease.

BACKGROUND: Müller-Weiss disease (MWD), a rare dysplastic disorder of the foot, is characterized by deformity, sclerosis, and fragmentation of the lateral part of navicular bone. Arthrodesis is the mainstay treatment for MWD. Generally, arthrodesis can be achieved through internal fixation with metallic implants, and morselized chip bone may be packed into the gap for better bone union. However, with this procedure, the original foot size is not maintained and support for the foot arch is not provided. Sequela of short foot, or flatfoot is commonly observed even though these complications of surgery had not been reported with cases of MWD treated by arthrodesis. Herein, we present a retrospective analysis of treating MWD through midfoot and hindfoot arthrodesis combined with strut allograft. METHODS: From August 2006 to June 2019, 20 patients with MWD (mean age, 59.6 years; range, 40-80 years) underwent midfoot and hindfoot arthrodesis with strut bone allograft and were followed for at least 24 months. The patients were able to ambulate and participate in rehabilitation programs 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The used four radiographic parameters (Meary's angle in anteroposterior and lateral view, talonavicular coverage angle, calcaneal pitch) demonstrated significant differences (P < .05) preoperatively and postoperatively, but those between the postoperative values and the values at the last follow-up session did not, indicating that strut allograft was able to maintain normal alignment. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot scores at 2 years postoperatively revealed significant improvement from baseline, from 60.2 to 84.2 (P < .05). The 12-item Short Form Health Survey scores also improved significantly (P < .05). All patients reported substantial pain relief and exhibited improved functional outcomes and gait patterns. CONCLUSIONS: For advanced-stage MWD, arthrodesis with a precisely shaped, size-matched strut allograft provided strong support for biomechanical alignment and enhanced functional performance.

Use of an Intramedullary Allogenic Fibular Strut Bone and Lateral Locking Plate for Distal Femoral Fracture with Supracondylar Comminution in Patients over 50 Years of Age.

Background and Objectives: Distal femoral fracture is a severe injury that makes surgery challenging, particularly comminuted fractures in the supracondylar region. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of distal femoral fracture treated with the application of an intramedullary fibular allogenic bone strut in open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with precontoured locking plates in patients over 50 years of age. Materials and Methods: The study retrospectively enrolled 202 patients over 50 years of age with traumatic comminuted distal femoral fracture (AO/OTA 33-A3, 33-C2 and 33-C3) treated with ORIF with a locking plate from January 2016 to December 2019. The two groups were divided into patients who received an intramedullary allogenic bone strut and those who did not. Patients were followed for at least 1 year, with their function scores and radiographic data recorded. Results: A total of 124 patients were recruited, comprising 60 men and 64 women with an average age of 62.4 ± 8.5 years. The 36 patients who had received an intramedullary allogenic fibular bone strut reported lower postoperative pain scores at 1 month and lower postoperative Knee Society Scores (KSS) at 3 months than the control group. The application of an intramedullary allogenic fibular bone strut appeared to be significantly correlated with better 3-month postoperative KSS. Conclusions: The ORIF of distal femoral comminuted fracture with an intramedullary allogenic fibular bone strut can reduce pain and improve knee function in the early stages of postoperative rehabilitation and may reduce the time to union in patients over 50 years of age.

Long-Term Incidence of Total Knee Arthroplasty after Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Proximal Tibial and Distal Femoral Fractures: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Knee fractures often require open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) for knee function recovery. More than one fifth of patients with knee fractures subsequently develop posttraumatic arthritis, and over 5% of them need total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We conducted this nationwide retrospective cohort study using the data of 2,000,000 people in the general population who received TKA and were followed up in the 17-year period 2001-2017, through random sampling of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. We matched the ORIF and non-fracture groups by a propensity score, based on age, sex, index date of surgery, and comorbidities enrolled in CCI calculated at a 1:1 ratio. The average proportion of subjects receiving TKA after ORIF for distal femoral or proximal tibial fractures was 2.0 per 1000 person-years, which was significantly higher than that in the non-fracture group. Patients aged 20-65 years and males represented a significantly higher proportion of subjects receiving TKA after ORIF than that in the non-fracture group. The proportion of subjects receiving TKA for the 20-65-year subgroup of the ORIF group was 4%, and that for the male subgroup was 1.5%; both rates increased over the 17-year follow-up period. More aggressive intraoperative and postoperative adjuvant therapies may be necessary for these subgroups.

The molecular etiology and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis, accounting for 20% of osteoporosis diagnoses. Using glucocorticoids for >6 months leads to osteoporosis in 50% of patients, resulting in an increased risk of fracture and death. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts work together to maintain bone homeostasis. When bone formation and resorption are out of balance, abnormalities in bone structure or function may occur. Excess glucocorticoids disrupt the bone homeostasis by promoting osteoclast formation and prolonging osteoclasts' lifespan, leading to an increase in bone resorption. On the other hand, glucocorticoids inhibit osteoblasts' formation and facilitate apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes, resulting in a reduction of bone formation. Several signaling pathways, signaling modulators, endocrines, and cytokines are involved in the molecular etiology of GIOP. Clinically, adults ≥40 years of age using glucocorticoids chronically with a high fracture risk are considered to have medical intervention. In addition to vitamin D and calcium tablet supplementations, the major therapeutic options approved for GIOP treatment include antiresorption drug bisphosphonates, parathyroid hormone N-terminal fragment teriparatide, and the monoclonal antibody denosumab. The selective estrogen receptor modulator can only be used under specific condition for postmenopausal women who have GIOP but fail to the regular GIOP treatment or have specific therapeutic contraindications. In this review, we focus on the molecular etiology of GIOP and the molecular pharmacology of the therapeutic drugs used for GIOP treatment.

Current treatment concepts for osteochondral lesions of the talus.

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) are a well-known cause of ankle joint pain and can sometimes lead to instability. These lesions are not only confined to articular hyaline cartilage, they can also affect the subchondral bone at the weight-bearing aspect of the talar dome. Nonoperative treatment is the preferred option for small lesions, however surgical intervention is recommended for large lesions or those for which conservative treatment has failed. Microfracture, abrasion arthroplasty and multiple drilling are all classified as bone marrow stimulation procedures; they are used to try to recruit precursor cells for cartilage regeneration and are especially suitable for small OLT lesions. For large lesions, osteochondral autografting and allografting are better options to reconstruct the articular defect, as they have better contours and mechanical strength. When there is limited subchondral bone involvement in large lesions, cell-based therapies such as autogenous chondrocyte implantation, potentially combined with a biomaterial matrix, are a promising option and acceptable functional outcomes have been reported. To provide evidence-based recommendations for clinicians, this article evaluates the currently available treatment strategies for OLT and their evolution over the past few decades.

The incidence of mental disorder increases after hip fracture in older people: a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: People living with dementia seem to be more likely to experience delirium following hip fracture. The association between mental disorders (MD) and hip fracture remains controversial. We conducted a nationwide study to examine the prevalence of MD in geriatric patients with hip fractures undergoing surgery and conducted a related risk factor analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database between 2000 and 2012 and focused on people who were older than 60 years. Patients with hip fracture undergoing surgical intervention and without hip fracture were matched at a ratio of 1:1 for age, sex, comorbidities, and index year. The incidence and hazard ratios of age, sex, and multiple comorbidities related to MD and its subgroups were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: A total of 1408 patients in the hip fracture group and a total of 1408 patients in the control group (no fracture) were included. The overall incidence of MD for the hip fracture and control groups per 100 person-years were 0.8 and 0.5, respectively. Among MD, the incidences of transient MD, depression, and dementia were significantly higher in the hip fracture group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of newly developed MD, especially transient MD, depression, and dementia, was higher in the geriatric patients with hip fracture undergoing surgery than that in the control group. Prompt and aggressive prevention protocols and persistent follow-up of MD development is highly necessary in this aged society.

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Versus Conservative Treatment for Cervical Angina Conservative Treatment.

STUDY DESIGN: This study employed a retrospective study design. OBJECTIVE: This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the outcomes of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), and those of conservative treatment for patients with cervical angina. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Cervical angina is typically characterized by intolerable and paroxysmal angina-like precordial pain, which is caused by cervical disk degeneration in patients without definitive cardiovascular abnormalities. Diagnosis is either delayed or neglected because of its various clinical manifestations. Whether conservative or surgical treatment is appropriate remains controversial because of the lack of comparative studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2009 to 2016, 163 patients with cervical angina with advanced chest pain, tightness, or palpitation were retrospectively studied. Twenty-three patients underwent ACDF, and the other 140 patients were treated nonsurgically by medication, physical therapy, collar immobilization, or stellate ganglion block. Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score and 20-point autonomic nervous system (ANS) score were assessed pretreatment and posttreatment. Patients' satisfaction was assessed using the Odom criteria. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 50 years, and most of them were females. The average follow-up was 25.5 months. The pretreatment JOA and 20-point ANS scores in the conservative and ACDF groups were 13.3 versus 11.7 (P=0.110) and 13.0 versus 13.3 (P=0.928), respectively. Generalized estimating equation analysis showed that posttreatment JOA and ANS scores at each observation interval improved significantly in the ACDF group (P<0.001). Angina-like symptoms also improved significantly in the ACDF group (P<0.001). During an average 2-year follow-up, good or excellent results were obtained in 78.2% of surgical patients and 35% of nonsurgical patients. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with conservative therapy, surgical treatment with ACDF for cervical angina provided better and more consistent relief from angina-like symptoms and overall sympathetic symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.