[Sorption behaviors of BDE-28 on natural soils].

The sorption kinetics and isotherms of BDE-28 on three natural soils with different soil organic matter fractions (f(oc)) were investigated. The results indicated that a two (fast and slow)-compartment first-order model was more appropriate for describing the sorption kinetic data, compared to a one-compartment first-order model, especially in the initial sorption stage within 25 h. The fast sorption was predominant during the whole sorption process from beginning to the apparent sorption equilibrium; while the contribution of the slow sorption to the total sorption amount gradually increased and then achieved a plateau at 49 h or 55 h. The approaching time to the individual sorption capacity for the fast sorption was much shorter than that for the slow sorption. The contribution of the fast sorption to the increase in the total sorption amount of BDE-28 was prevailing at the beginning of sorption process from 2.5 h to 4.5 h; whereas the fraction of the slow sorption became primary at the subsequent stage of sorption process. The fitting results by the Dubinin-Ashtakhov (DA) model were comparable with those by the Freundlich model in the range of apparent equilibrium concentration studied. As for the Freundlich model, the nonlinear exponent (n) values of BDE-28 for the two samples with lower f(oc) (0.72%) or higher f(oc) (7.90%) approached to 1.0 (1.03 +/- 0.05 and 1.00 +/- 0.05, respectively), suggesting the linear sorption characteristics in the studied range of apparent equilibrium concentrations of BDE-28; while the nonlinear behavior of BDE-28 for the left sample with medium f(oc) (4.42%) was indicated by its n value less than 1.0 (0.89 +/- 0.04).

[Distribution characteristics of trace pollutants in benthic mussels from the coastal areas of Bohai Sea and North Yellow Sea].

Based on the recent monitoring results, the concentration and distribution of persistent toxic substances in the benthic mussels from the coastal areas of Bohai Sea and North Yellow Sea were determined. The results indicated that, at over 36% of the total sampling sites, the tissue concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons were higher than the Category I value (15 microg/g, wet weight) of the national marine biological quality standards, especially at the sites near Dalian Bay and Xincun in Hebei Province, the tissue concentrations even exceeded the Category III level (80 microg/g, wet weight). Moreover, higher tissue concentration of PHCs (over the Category I level) during recent years remained in the most monitoring sea areas. At minor sites (mariculture zone in Yantai and Laizhou Bay), the tissue concentrations of As and Pb were relatively higher, and the high levels of Cd (above the Category II value of 2000 ng/g, wet weight) and Hg (above the Category II value of 100 ng/g, wet weight) in mussel bodies presented at several sites situated in coastal areas near Dalian Bay and Xincun of Hebei Province. Additionally, at the sampling sites near Liaodong Bay and Shandong Peninsula, the tissue concentration of Hg showed an annual increase during recent years. At all the monitoring sites, the tissue concentrations of PCBs and HCHs were usually low, while as the case of Hg, the tissue concentrations of PCBs and HCHs in Liaodong Bay increased gradually in these years. The new monitoring results indicated that, most sites with DDTs levels in benthic mussels higher than the Category I value (10 ng/g, wet weight) were located in the coastal areas of Hebei Province belonged to Bohai Bay (such as Zhaojiapu and Xincun). The continuous monitoring in these sea areas demonstrated that, in addition to the historical residues, there may be some fresh input sources of DDT nearby. Consequently, in the neighboring sea areas of Dalian Bay and Xincun, the tissue concentrations of PHCs, Cd and Hg were fairly high (all over their Category II values), and these sea areas could be of relatively stronger potential ecological risk. In view of the gradual increases in tissue concentrations (e. g., Hg, PCBs and HCHs) during the recent years, the coastal areas, for example, of Liaodong Bay and Shandong Peninsula should be addressed with sufficient concern.

[Geographical distribution of DDTs, PCBs and phthalate esters in coastal surface sediments of Yellow Sea].

Using the data of the second survey of marine pollution baseline, the geographical distribution and constitution were investigated, and preliminarily evaluated the ecological risk based on the corresponding sediment quality guidelines. The results showed that, the sites with high concentrations of PAEs over the corresponding guidelines were mainly located in the Dalian Bay (1 389.8 ng/g) and surrounding sea areas of Lvshun (1 928.0 ng/g), and the main components of PAEs were DBP and DEHP. Only at the outlet of Dalian Bay, the concentration of PCBs (24.2 ng/g) was slightly higher than the ERL guideline level (22.7 ng/g), while the sites with concentrations exceeding the ERL guideline (1.58 ng/g) were mostly situated in the coastal areas of Dalian Bay (6.3-7.6 ng/g), Yantai-Weihai (4.5-10.3 ng/g), Jiaozhou Bay (5.5-21.2 ng/g) and Haizhou Bay (27.4-62.9 ng/g), and the content at one site was even above the ERM guideline (46.1 ng/g). The compositions of DDT indicated that, the main metabolites of p, p'-DDT was p, p'-DDD, and there may be new inputs of DDT in the coastal areas of Dalian Bay, Weihai, Jiaozhou Bay and Haizhou Bay, as well as the outer sea area of Shandong Peninsula, where the possible sources were technical dicofol and/or technical DDT. The surface sediments in these sea areas had certain ecological risk, especially at one individual site in the Haizhou Bay with much higher ecological risk.

[Distribution of typical organic pollutants in benthic mussels from the inshore areas of Yellow Sea].

Based on the second national baseline survey on marine pollution, the concentration, distribution and potential ecological risk of typical organic pollutants in the benthic mussels from the inshore areas of Yellow Sea were determined. The results indicated that, at over 35% of the total sampling sites, the tissue concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons were higher than the Category I (15 000 ng/g) of the national marine biological quality standards, and at the sites near Dalian Bay, the tissue concentrations even exceeded the Category II (50 000 ng/g). At minor sites located in Dalian Bay, Weihai and Jiaozhou Bay, relatively high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalate esters (PAEs) occurred, while the concentrations of PAHs and PAEs in mussels at most other sites were low. The dominant median and high rings components indicated pyrolytic procedures as the main source of local PAHs, and DBP and DEHP were the major constitution of phthalate esters. At all the sites, the tissue concentrations of PCBs were generally low (< 10 ng/g). The sites with DDTs concentrations over the Category I of the national quality standards were mainly situated in the southern coasts of Yellow Sea, and the predominant fractions were the metabolites of DDT, i.e., DDD and DDE. p, p'-DDT was detected in mussel species at all the monitoring sites, especially at the sites close to Dalian Bay and Penglai (fraction > 50%), which indicated potential inputs from the neighboring areas. Accordingly, petroleum hydrocarbons and PAHs in mussels at the coastal areas of Dalian Bay, Weihai and Jiaozhou Bay were high, the tissue DDTs levels at the sitesnear Jiaozhou Bay and Haizhou Bay were high, these sea areas had therefore higher ecological risk, and new inputs of DDT in the inshore areas of Dalian Bay and Penglai may threat on the benthic surroundings.

[Preparation and clinical application of an intelligent determination and analysis system for glomerular filtration rate].

OBJECTIVE: To prepare an intelligent determination and analysis system for renal glomerular filtration rate(GFRBMAS), and to explore its value in clinical setting. METHODS: GFRBMAS was prepared by programming with VB 6.0 software. GFR of 79 inpatients suffering from the different diseases was determined accurately by using clearance rate of (99)Tc(m)-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) (Tc-GFR). The serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum uric acid (Uric), serum calcium (Ca) and serum phosphorus (P) were determined with both GFRBMAS and 7170S automatic biochemistry determination apparatus (ititachi), and the result of GFR was compared with that determined by using GFRBMAS and 7170S automatic biochemical determination apparatus. At the same time GFR was determined by using Robert formula (GFRBMAS-GFR, Robert-GFR), and creatinine clearance rate was calculated with Cockcroft/Gault formula (CG-CCr). All the results were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: No significant difference of SCr, BUN, Uric, Ca and P values determined by two methods. Robert-GFR and CG-CCr values were significantly lower than Tc-GFR value in the normal renal function group and the renal insufficiency group (P<0.01) and that of GFRBMAS-GFR was close to that of Tc-GFR and relative analysis showed that the values of GFRBMAS-GFR, Robert-GFR, CG-CCr showed significantly positive correlation with that of Tc-GFR, but negative correlation with values of SCr and BUN (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: GFRBMAS-GFR, Robert-GFR and CG-CCr could all reflect GFR with accuracy to certain extent and GFRBMAS-GFR can take the place of Tc-GFR in clinical setting.

Distribution and characteristics of organic micropollutants in surface sediments from Bohai Sea.

Spatial distribution and compositional characteristics of PAHs, DDTs and PCBs in surface sediments from Bohai Sea were investigated. Proportion of LMW PAHs at Jinzhou Bay was significant, due probably to the petrogenic sources from neighboring oil wells and plants, while HMW PAHs were dominant in the other sea areas, inferred pyrogenic origins mainly from coal or petroleum combustion. The average ERL quotient for the PAH species in Qinhuangdao and Liaodong Bay indicated relatively stronger potential ecological risk. The concentration ratios of DDT to metabolites (DDD + DDE) exceeded 1.0 in the coastal areas of Qinhuangdao, Liaodong Bay and Bohai Bay, demonstrated some recent inputs of DDT nearby, and DDD as the major degradation product. The concentrations of PCBs were generally low, however, the contents of DDTs were greater than the ERL guidelines in the coastal areas of Qinhuangdao, Liaodong Bay and Bohai Bay, and suggested the potential ecological risk.

[Study of the clinical factors associated with glomerular filtration rate].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between glomerular filtration rate(GFR) and possible involved clinical factors and to offer an basis for building measurement GFR by the calculation method. METHODS: GFR from 46 cases of normal renal function group and 52 cases of renal insufficient group were determined by using clearance of 99mTc-DTPA, serum creatinine(SCr), urea nitrogen, uric, potassium, sodium, calcium and hemoglobin were determined. Simultaneously, heart rate, urine specific gravity, 24 hours urine protein quantum, average artery pressure, weight index and body surface area were determined. Age, isotope dose for determining GFR were recorded. The simple correlation analysis between GFR in every group and the difference primitive diseases and clinical factors mentioned above were performed and the multiple correlation analysis between every clinical factors mentioned above that had significantly correlation between GFR and GFR were performed as well. RESULTS: GFR in normal renal function group, insufficient group and the difference primitive diseases had significantly negative correlation with SCr, while the correlations between GFR and other clinical factors were different. CONCLUSION: SCr is the ideal index for GFR for renal insufficient patients due to different primitive diseases and patients with normal renal function.