Contribution of FOS in neutrophils to venous thromboembolism via miR-144 based on bioinformatic prediction and validation.

The Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins Osteosarcoma (c-Fos; encoded by FOS) plays an important role in several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and stroke. However, the relationship between FOS and venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains unknown. We identified differentially expressed genes in Gene Expression Omnibus dataset, GSE48000, comprising VTE patients and healthy individuals, and analysed them using CIBERSORT and weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). FOS and CD46 expressions were significantly downregulated (FOS p = 2.26E-05, CD64 p = 8.83E-05) and strongly linked to neutrophil activity in VTE. We used GSE19151 and performed PCR to confirm that FOS and CD46 had diagnostic potential for VTE; however, only FOS showed differential expression by PCR and ELISA in whole blood samples. Moreover, we found that hsa-miR-144 which regulates FOS expression was significantly upregulated in VTE. Furthermore, FOS expression was significantly downregulated in neutrophils of VTE patients (p = 0.03). RNA sequencing performed on whole blood samples of VTE patients showed that FOS exerted its effects in VTE via the leptin-mediated adipokine signalling pathway. Our results suggest that FOS and related genes or proteins can outperform traditional clinical markers and may be used as diagnostic biomarkers for VTE.

An integrated proteomics and metabolomics approach to assess graft quality and predict early allograft dysfunction after liver transplantation: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Early allograft dysfunction (EAD) is a common complication after liver transplantation (LT) and is associated with poor prognosis. Graft itself plays a major role in the development of EAD. We aimed to reveal the EAD-specific molecular profiles to assess graft quality and establish EAD predictive models. METHODS: A total of 223 patients who underwent LT were enrolled and divided into training ( n =73) and validation ( n =150) sets. In the training set, proteomics was performed on graft biopsies, together with metabolomics on paired perfusates. Differential expression, enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction network were used to identify the key molecules and pathways involved. EAD predictive models were constructed using machine learning and verified in the validation set. RESULTS: A total of 335 proteins were differentially expressed between the EAD and non-EAD groups. These proteins were significantly enriched in triglyceride and glycerophospholipid metabolism, neutrophil degranulation, and the MET-related signaling pathway. The top 12 graft proteins involved in the aforementioned processes were identified, including GPAT1, LPIN3, TGFB1, CD59, and SOS1. Moreover, downstream metabolic products, such as lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-8, triglycerides, and the phosphatidylcholine/phosphorylethanolamine ratio in the paired perfusate displayed a close relationship with the graft proteins. To predict the occurrence of EAD, an integrated model using perfusate metabolic products and clinical parameters showed areas under the curve of 0.915 and 0.833 for the training and validation sets, respectively. It displayed superior predictive efficacy than that of currently existing models, including donor risk index and D-MELD scores. CONCLUSIONS: We identified novel biomarkers in both grafts and perfusates that could be used to assess graft quality and provide new insights into the etiology of EAD. Herein, we also offer a valid tool for the early prediction of EAD.

Integrated chromosomal instability and tumor microbiome redefined prognosis-related subtypes of pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is a common malignancy with poor prognosis and limited treatment. Here we aimed to investigate the role of host chromosomal instability (CIN) and tumor microbiome in the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. METHODS: One hundred formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) pancreatic cancer samples were collected. DNA extracted from FFPE samples were analyzed by low-coverage whole-genome sequencing (WGS) via a customized bioinformatics workflow named ultrasensitive chromosomal aneuploidy detector. RESULTS: Samples are tested according to the procedure of ultrasensitive chromosomal aneuploidy detector (UCAD). We excluded 2 samples with failed quality control, 1 patient lost to follow-up and 6 dead in the perioperative period. The final 91 patients were admitted for the following analyses. Thirteen (14.3%) patients with higher CIN score had worse overall survival (OS) than those with lower CIN score. The top 20 microbes in pancreatic cancer samples included 15 species of bacteria and 5 species of viruses. Patients with high human herpesvirus (HHV)-7 and HHV-5 DNA reads exhibited worse OS. Furthermore, we classified 91 patients into 3 subtypes. Patients with higher CIN score (n =13) had the worst prognosis (median OS 6.9 mon); patients with lower CIN score but with HHV-7/5 DNA load (n = 24) had worse prognosis (median OS 10.6 mon); while patients with lower CIN score and HHV-7/5 DNA negative (n = 54) had the best prognosis (median OS 21.1 mon). CONCLUSIONS: High CIN and HHV-7/5 DNA load were associated with worse survival of pancreatic cancer. The novel molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer based on CIN and microbiome had prognostic value.

Temporary impact on medical system and effectiveness of mitigation strategies after COVID-19 policy adjustment in China: a modeling study.

Background: As China amends its "zero COVID" strategy, a sudden increase in the number of infections may overwhelm medical resources and its impact has not been quantified. Specific mitigation strategies are needed to minimize disruption to the healthcare system and to prepare for the next possible epidemic in advance. Method: We develop a stochastic compartmental model to project the burden on the medical system (that is, the number of fever clinic visits and admission beds) of China after adjustment to COVID-19 policy, which considers the epidemiological characteristics of the Omicron variant, age composition of the population, and vaccine effectiveness against infection and severe COVD-19. We also estimate the effect of four-dose vaccinations (heterologous and homologous), antipyretic drug supply, non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs), and triage treatment on mitigating the domestic infection peak. Result: As to the impact on the medical system, this epidemic is projected to result in 398.02 million fever clinic visits and 16.58 million hospitalizations, and the disruption period on the healthcare system is 18 and 30 days, respectively. Antipyretic drug supply and booster vaccination could reduce the burden on emergency visits and hospitalization, respectively, while neither of them could not reduce to the current capacity. The synergy of several different strategies suggests that increasing the heterologous booster vaccination rate for older adult to over 90% is a key measure to alleviate the bed burden for respiratory diseases on the basis of expanded healthcare resource allocation. Conclusion: The Omicron epidemic followed the adjustment to COVID-19 policy overloading many local health systems across the country at the end of 2022. The combined effect of vaccination, antipyretic drug supply, triage treatment, and PHSMs could prevent overwhelming medical resources.

Empirical assessment of carbon emissions in Guangdong Province within the framework of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality: a lasso-TPE-BP neural network approach.

The escalating global greenhouse gas emission crisis necessitates a robust scientific carbon accounting framework and innovative development approaches. Achieving emission peaks remains the primary goal for emission reduction. Guangdong Province, a pivotal region in China, faces pressure to reduce carbon emissions. In this study, data was leveraged from the China Carbon Accounting Database (CEADS) and panel data from the "Guangdong Statistical Yearbook" spanning 1997 to 2022. Factors impacting carbon emissions were selected based on Guangdong Province's carbon reduction goals, macroeconomic development strategies, and economic-population dynamics. To address multicollinearity, lasso regression identified key factors, including population size, economic development level, energy intensity, and technology factors. A novel STIRPAT extended model, combined with the BP neural network optimized using the TPE algorithm, enhanced carbon emission predictions for Guangdong Province. Employing scenario analysis, five scenarios were generated in alignment with the planning policies of Guangdong Province, to forecast carbon emissions from 2020 to 2050. The results suggest that to achieve a win-win situation for both economic development and environmental protection, Guangdong Province should prioritize the energy-saving scenario (S2), which aligns with the "13th Five-Year Plan's" ecological and green development directives, to reach a projected carbon peak of 637.05Mt by 2030. In conclusion, recommendations for carbon reduction are proposed in the areas of low-carbon transformation for the population, sustainable economic development, and the development of low-carbon technologies.

Phylogenetic and ecophysiological novelty of subsurface mercury methylators in mangrove sediments.

Mangrove sediment is a crucial component in the global mercury (Hg) cycling and acts as a hotspot for methylmercury (MeHg) production. Early evidence has documented the ubiquity of well-studied Hg methylators in mangrove superficial sediments; however, their diversity and metabolic adaptation in the more anoxic and highly reduced subsurface sediments are lacking. Through MeHg biogeochemical assay and metagenomic sequencing, we found that mangrove subsurface sediments (20-100 cm) showed a less hgcA gene abundance but higher diversity of Hg methylators than superficial sediments (0-20 cm). Regional-scale investigation of mangrove subsurface sediments spanning over 1500 km demonstrated a prevalence and family-level novelty of Hg-methylating microbial lineages (i.e., those affiliated to Anaerolineae, Phycisphaerae, and Desulfobacterales). We proposed the candidate phylum Zixibacteria lineage with sulfate-reducing capacity as a currently understudied Hg methylator across anoxic environments. Unlike other Hg methylators, the Zixibacteria lineage does not use the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway but has unique capabilities of performing methionine synthesis to donate methyl groups. The absence of cobalamin biosynthesis pathway suggests that this Hg-methylating lineage may depend on its syntrophic partners (i.e., Syntrophobacterales members) for energy in subsurface sediments. Our results expand the diversity of subsurface Hg methylators and uncover their unique ecophysiological adaptations in mangrove sediments.

Sarsasapogenin inhibits YAP1-dependent chondrocyte ferroptosis to alleviate osteoarthritis.

The involvement of chondrocyte ferroptosis in the development of osteoarthritis (OA) has been observed, and Sarsasapogenin (Sar) has therapeutic promise in a variety of inflammatory diseases. This study investigates the potential influence of Sar on the mechanism of chondrocyte ferroptotic cell death in the progression of osteoarthritic cartilage degradation. An in vivo medial meniscus destabilization (DMM)-induced OA animal model as well as an in vitro examination of chondrocytes in an OA microenvironment induced by interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) exposure were employed. Histology, immunofluorescence, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, cell viability, and Micro-CT analysis were utilized in conjunction with gene overexpression and knockdown to evaluate the chondroprotective effects of Sar in OA progression and the role of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in Sar-induced ferroptosis resistance of chondrocytes. In this study we found Sar reduced chondrocyte ferroptosis and OA progression. And Sar-induced chondrocyte ferroptosis resistance was mediated by YAP1. Furthermore, infection of siRNA specific to YAP1 in chondrocytes reduced Sar's chondroprotective and ferroptosis-suppressing effects during OA development. The findings suggest that Sar mitigates the progression of osteoarthritis by decreasing the sensitivity of chondrocytes to ferroptosis through the promotion of YAP1, indicating that Sar has the potential to serve as a therapeutic approach for diseases associated with ferroptosis.

Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation, can we harness the power of immune checkpoint inhibitors?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death globally and liver transplantation (LT) can serve as the best curative treatment option. However, HCC recurrence after LT remains the major obstacle to the long-term survival of recipients. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of many cancers and provided a new treatment strategy for post-LT HCC recurrence. Evidence has been accumulated with the real-world application of ICIs in patients with post-LT HCC recurrence. Notably, the use of these agents as immunity boosters in recipients treated with immunosuppressors is still controversial. In this review, we summarized the immunotherapy for post-LT HCC recurrence and conducted an efficacy and safety evaluation based on the current experience of ICIs for post-LT HCC recurrence. In addition, we further discussed the potential mechanism of ICIs and immunosuppressive agents in regulating the balance between immune immunosuppression and lasting anti-tumor immunity.

Assessing Donor Liver Quality and Restoring Graft Function in the Era of Extended Criteria Donors.

Liver transplantation (LT) is the final treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease. The increasing donor shortage results in the wide usage of grafts from extended criteria donors across the world. Using such grafts is associated with the elevated incidences of post-transplant complications including initial nonfunction and ischemic biliary tract diseases, which significantly reduce recipient survival. Although several clinical factors have been demonstrated to impact donor liver quality, accurate, comprehensive, and effective assessment systems to guide decision-making for organ usage, restoration or discard are lacking. In addition, the development of biochemical technologies and bioinformatic analysis in recent years helps us better understand graft injury during the perioperative period and find potential ways to restore graft function. Moreover, such advances reveal the molecular profiles of grafts or perfusate that are susceptible to poor graft function and provide insight into finding novel biomarkers for graft quality assessment. Focusing on donors and grafts, we updated potential biomarkers in donor blood, liver tissue, or perfusates that predict graft quality following LT, and summarized strategies for restoring graft function in the era of extended criteria donors. In this review, we also discuss the advantages and drawbacks of these potential biomarkers and offer suggestions for future research.

Decoding Single-cell Landscape and Intercellular Crosstalk in the Transplanted Liver.

BACKGROUND: Liver transplantation (LT) is the most effective treatment for various end-stage liver diseases. However, the cellular complexity and intercellular crosstalk of the transplanted liver have constrained analyses of graft reconstruction after LT. METHODS: We established an immune-tolerated orthotopic LT mouse model to understand the physiological process of graft recovery and intercellular crosstalk. We employed single-cell RNA sequencing and cytometry by time-of-flight to comprehensively reveal the cellular landscape. RESULTS: We identified an acute and stable phase during perioperative graft recovery. Using single-cell technology, we made detailed annotations of the cellular landscape of the transplanted liver and determined dynamic modifications of these cells during LT. We found that 96% of graft-derived immune cells were replaced by recipient-derived cells from the preoperative to the stable phase. However, CD206 + MerTK + macrophages and CD49a + CD49b - natural killer cells were composed of both graft and recipient sources even in the stable phase. Intriguingly, the transcriptional profiles of these populations exhibited tissue-resident characteristics, suggesting that recipient-derived macrophages and natural killer cells have the potential to differentiate into 'tissue-resident cells' after LT. Furthermore, we described the transcriptional characteristics of these populations and implicated their role in regulating the metabolic and immune remodeling of the transplanted liver. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, this study delineated a cell atlas (type-proportion-source-time) of the transplanted liver and shed light on the physiological process of graft reconstruction and graft-recipient crosstalk.

Investigating the effects of Liushen Capsules on the metabolome of seasonal influenza: A randomized clinical trial.

Background: Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) are effective strategies for preventing influenza infection. Liushen Capsules can inhibit influenza virus proliferation, significantly mitigate virus-induced inflammation and improve acute lung injury in vitro or in vivo. However, the efficacy and safety of LS in clinical trials, and the role of LS in regulating metabolites in patients are not well known. Materials and methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was designed in this study. All participants were enrolled between December 2019 and November 2020. The efficacy and safety were assessed by primary efficacy endpoint ((area under the curve (AUC) analysis)) and secondary endpoint (individual scores for each symptom, remission of symptoms, and rates of inflammatory factors). The serum samples were collected from patients to detect the levels of inflammatory factors using RT-PCR and to identify metabolites using a non-targeted metabolomics ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: 81 participants from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University were completed the full study. After 14 days of intervention, the area under the curve (AUC) of the total symptom scores in LS group was significantly smaller than that in Placebo group (p < 0.001). Alleviation of sore throat, cough and nasal congestion in the LS group was significantly better than that in the Placebo group. The time and number to alleviation of symptoms or complete alleviation of symptoms in LS group was significantly better than that in Placebo group. The adverse effects of clinical therapy were slightly higher in LS group than in Placebo group, but there was no statistical difference. After 14 days of LS intervention, the levels of IL-1ra, Eotaxin, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, SCF and TRAIL in serum of participants with influenza infection were significantly decreased compared with Placebo group. It was observed that there were significant differences in the serum metabolic profiles between start- and end- LS groups. Further correlation analysis showed a potential regulatory crosstalk between glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids fatty acyls and excessive inflammation and clinical symptoms. Importantly, it may be closely related to phospholipid, fatty acid, arachidonic acid and amyl-tRNA synthesis pathway metabolic pathways. Conclusion: The study showed there were no clinically significant adverse effects on LS, and a significant improvement in influenza-like symptomatology and inflammatory response in patients treated with LS. Further analysis showed that LS could significantly correct the metabolic disorders in the serum metabolite profile of the patients. This provided new insights into the potential mechanism of LS for the treatment of influenza.

The role of macrophage TAM receptor family in the acute-to-chronic progression of liver disease: From friend to foe?

Hepatic macrophages, the key cellular components of the liver, emerge as essential players in liver inflammation, tissue repair and subsequent fibrosis, as well as tumorigenesis. Recently, the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase family, consisting of Tyro3, Axl and MerTK, was found to be a pivotal modulator of macrophages. Activation of macrophage TAM receptor signalling promotes the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells and skews the polarization of macrophages. After briefly reviewing the mechanisms of TAM receptor signalling in macrophage polarization, we focus on their role in liver diseases from acute injury to chronic inflammation, fibrosis and then to tumorigenesis. Notably, macrophage TAM receptor signalling seems to be a two-edged sword for liver diseases. On one hand, the activation of TAM receptor signalling inhibits inflammation and facilitates tissue repair during acute liver injury. On the other hand, continuous activation of the signalling contributes to the process of chronic inflammation into fibrosis and tumorigenesis by evoking hepatic stellate cells and inhibiting anti-tumour immunity. Therefore, targeting macrophage TAM receptors and clarifying its downstream pathways will be exciting prospects for the precaution and treatment of liver diseases, particularly at different stages or statuses.

Liushen Capsules, a promising clinical candidate for COVID-19, alleviates SARS-CoV-2-induced pulmonary in vivo and inhibits the proliferation of the variant virus strains in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a global pandemic and has devastating effects around the world, however, there are no specific antiviral drugs and vaccines for the constant mutation of SARS-CoV-2. PURPOSE: In this study, we evaluted the antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities of Liushen Capsules (LS) on different novel coronavirus in vitro, studied its therapeutic effects on novel SARS-CoV-2 infected mice and observed the LS's clinical efficacy and safety in COVID-19. METHODS: The antiviral and aiti-inflammatory effects of LS on the 501Y.V2/B.1.35 and G/478K.V1/ B.1.617.2 strains were determined in vitro. A hACE2 mouse model of novel SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia was established. Survival rates, histological changes, inflammatory markers, lung virus titers and the expression of the key proteins in the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway was detected by western blotting and immumohistochemical staining in the lungs were measured. Subsequently, the disease duration, prognosis of disease, time of negative nucleic acid and the cytokines levels in serum were used to assess the efficacy of treatment with LS in patients. RESULTS: The results showed that LS (2, 1, 0.5 µg/mL) could significantly inhibit the replication of the two SARS-CoV-2 variants and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, CCL-5, MIP-1α, IL-1α) induced by the virus in vitro. As for the survival experiment in mice, the survival rate of virus group was 20%, while LS-treatment groups (40, 80, 160 mg/kg) could increase the survival rate to 60, 100 and 100%, respectively. LS (40, 80, 160 mg/kg) could significantly decrease the lung titers in mice and it could improve the pathological changes, inhibit the excessive inflammatory mediators (IFN-α, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1) and the protein expression of p-NF-κB p65 in mice. Moreover, LS could significantly decrease SARS-CoV-2-induced activation of p-NF-κB p65, p-IκBα, and p-p38 MAPK and increase the protein expression of the IκBα. In addition, the patient got complete relief of symptoms after being treated with LS for 6 days and was proven with negative PCR test after being treated for 23 days. Finally, treatment with LS could reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, PDGF-AA/BB, Eotaxin, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1ß, GRO, CCL-5, MCP-3, IP-10, IL-1α). CONCLUSION: LS effectively alleviated novel SARS-CoV-2 or variants induced pneumonia in vitro and in vivo, and improved the prognosis of COVID-19. In light of the efficacy and safety profiles, LS could be considered for the treatment of COVID-19 with a broad-spectrum antiviral and anti-inflammatory agent.

Contribution of FBLN5 to Unstable Plaques in Carotid Atherosclerosis via mir128 and mir532-3p Based on Bioinformatics Prediction and Validation.

FBLN5, a member of the short fibulins in the fibulin family of extracellular matrix/matricellular proteins, is involved in interactions with components of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix proteins. It plays key roles in endothelial tissues in many vascular diseases. In this study, the relationship between FBLN5 and carotid atherosclerotic plaque stability as well as the regulatory roles of miRNAs were evaluated. Differential gene expression analyses and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) based on the GSE163154 dataset (including 16 samples without intraplaque hemorrhage and 27 samples with intraplaque hemorrhage) in GEO revealed that FBLN5 is related to plaque stability and is the most significantly differentially expressed gene. LASSO regression was used to evaluate genes obtained from the intersection of differentially expressed genes and clinically significant modules identified by WGCNA. A prediction model based on eight genes, including FBLN5, was constructed and showed an accuracy of 0.951 based on an ROC analysis. Low FBLN5 expression in plaque tissues was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analyses showed that FBLN5 acted mainly by the maintenance of the cellular matrix and reactive oxygen species production. miRNAs upstream of these eight predictive genes, including FBLN5, were identified and used to construct a network diagram. These results revealed that hsa-mir-128 and hsa-mir-532-3p were upstream regulatory factors of FBLN5, as verified by PCR assays of human plaque tissues demonstrating that both miRNAs were significantly up-regulated. Therefore, FBLN5 may play an important role in carotid atherosclerosis via hsa-mir-128 and hsa-mir-532-3p as well as become an essential target for treatment.

The Pharmacological Mechanisms of Xiaochaihutang in Treating Breast Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology.

Background: As a classic prescription in Chinese medicine treatment, Xiaochaihutang (XCHT) can improve the clinical effect and reduce serum tumor markers in patients with breast cancer (BC). However, there has not been any study to confirm the mechanism. We used bioinformatics analysis and network pharmacology to find the potential targets. Methods: The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of BC were identified from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Then, we utilized weighted coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) with the same dataset. The target genes of BC were obtained by comparing genes of DEGs and in significant modules of WGCNA. Drug targets of XCHT from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) database were intersected with the targets of BC. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the drug targets was analysed by using the STRING database. We utilized the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis (KEGG) enrichment analysis to identify the specific pathways and key target proteins. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used as the verification of drug targets. Molecular docking was performed to visualize the patterns of interactions between the effective molecule and targeted protein. Results: We obtained a set of 21 target genes, which mainly encode neurotransmitter receptors or related transporters, such as OPRD1, 5-HT2A, and so on. In addition, enrichment analyses of 21 target genes showed that they were mainly concentrated in pathways related to the nervous system. Molecular docking was performed on the target gene of BC. Six active compounds can enter the active pocket of target gene, namely, naringenin, beta-sitosterol, coumestrol, nuciferine, beta-sitosterol, and protopine, thereby exerting potential therapeutic effects in BC. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that the mechanism of XCHT in the treatment of BC is mainly acting on the neurogenesis in the microenvironment of breast tumor tissue.

cGAS and cancer therapy: a double-edged sword.

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate adenosine synthetase (cGAS) is a DNA sensor that detects and binds to cytosolic DNA to generate cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). As a second messenger, cGAMP mainly activates the adapter protein STING, which induces the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. Mounting evidence shows that cGAS is extensively involved in the innate immune response, senescence, and tumor immunity, thereby exhibiting a tumor-suppressive function, most of which is mediated by the STING pathway. In contrast, cGAS can also act as an oncogenic factor, mostly by increasing genomic instability through inhibitory effects on DNA repair, suggesting its utility as an antitumor target. This article reviews the roles and the underlying mechanisms of cGAS in cancer, particularly focusing on its dual roles in carcinogenesis and tumor progression, which are probably attributable to its classical and nonclassical functions, as well as approaches targeting cGAS for cancer therapy.

Effect of Jinzhen granule on two coronaviruses: The novel SARS-CoV-2 and the HCoV-229E and the evidences for their mechanisms of action.

BACKGROUND: Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) pose a huge threat to human public health, no specific treatment is available. Jinzhen granule (JZ) is a traditional eight ingredients-Chinese medicine with prominent efficacy for treating viral-induced diseases. However, little is known about the antiviral effect and mechanism of JZ against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E. PURPOSE: This study aimed to reveal the antiviral effects of JZ against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E, and to further explore the underlying mechanisms regulating the host immune response. METHODS: The chromatographic separation of JZ was performed using a Shimadzu analytical high-performance liquid chromatograph with UV detection and Alltech ELSD 2000ES. We conducted cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaque reduction assays to evaluate the antiviral effect of JZ. A lethal human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 was established to determine the protective effect of JZ on mortality and lung virus titers. Real-time quantitative PCR assays were used to analyze the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting was further performed to determine the activities on regulating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/MAPK pathway. Finally, mitochondrial membrane potential assays, flow cytometry analysis and western blotting were used to assess the anti-apoptotic potency toward HCoV-229E infection. RESULTS: The results showed that 13 chemical components were identified and five peaks were determined and quantitated (gallic acid 1.97 mg/g, baicalin 20.69 mg/g, glycyrrhizic acid 4.92 mg/g, hyodeoxycholic acid 4.86 mg/g, cholic acid 4.07 mg/g). We found that JZ exerted inhibitory potency against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E in vitro by using CPE and plaque reduction assays, and it was further found that JZ protected mice infected by SARS-CoV-2 from death and inhibited lung virus titers. JZ also significantly decreased the induction of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, CCL-5 and MIP-1ß), similar to the observed in vitro effect. Moreover, JZ suppressed the release of inflammatory cytokines in vitro and it decreased the protein expression of p-p38 MAPK, p-JNK, p-NF-κB p65 and p-IκBα induced by HCoV-229E and increased the expression of IκBα. Notably, JZ significantly protected HCoV-229E-infected Huh-7 cells from mitochondrial damage and decreased apoptotic cells. The activation of the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway was inhibited by JZ, as shown by the reduced expression of cleaved caspase-9, caspase-3 and p-PARP. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, JZ (gallic acid 1.97 mg/g, baicalin 20.69 mg/g, glycyrrhizic acid 4.92 mg/g, hyodeoxycholic acid 4.86 mg/g, cholic acid 4.07 mg/g) exhibited antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E by regulating the NF-κB/MAPK pathway and the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. These findings demonstrated the efficacy of JZ against CoVs and suggested JZ treatment as a novel clinical therapeutic strategy for COVID-19.

Corrigendum: Investigating the effects of Liushen Capsules (LS) on the metabolome of seasonal influenza: A randomized clinical trial.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968182.].

The role of cGAS-STING signalling in liver diseases.

The recently identified novel cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) activates the downstream adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) by catalysing the synthesis of cyclic GMP-AMP. This in turn initiates an innate immune response through the release of various cytokines, including type I interferon. Foreign DNA (microbial infection) or endogenous DNA (nuclear or mitochondrial leakage) can serve as cGAS ligands and lead to the activation of cGAS-STING signalling. Therefore, the cGAS-STING pathway plays essential roles in infectious diseases, sterile inflammation, tumours, and autoimmune diseases. In addition, cGAS-STING signalling affects the progression of liver inflammation through other mechanisms, such as autophagy and metabolism. In this review, we summarise recent advances in our understanding of the role of cGAS-STING signalling in the innate immune modulation of different liver diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the cGAS-STING pathway in the treatment of liver diseases.