1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces early mortality post severe burn injury via alleviating endotoxemia, oxidative stress and inflammation.

Severe burn patients frequently suffer from 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-[OH]2-D3) deficiency. In this study, we investigated the effect of 1,25-[OH]2-D3 on early mortality post severe burn and potential underlying mechanisms. Our results indicate that 1,25-[OH]2-D3 significantly reduced early mortality in mice post severe burn injury. A decrease in serum lipopolysaccharide levels and an increase in serum superoxide dismutase activity were found after administration of 1,25-[OH]2-D3. Furthermore, 1,25-[OH]2-D3 demonstrated protective effects on both intestinal and lung histology and ameliorated lung inflammation. Its anti-inflammatory effect was further confirmed in airway epithelial cells. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that 1,25-[OH]2-D3 has a significant impact on the reduction of early mortality post severe burn injury, possibly through its ability to alleviate endotoxemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Our findings highlight the potential of 1,25-[OH]2-D3 to protect the intestinal mucosal barrier in the early stage following major burn injury and opens up new avenues for clinical application of 1,25-[OH]2-D3 in burn patients.

Opioid Free Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Dexmedetomidine-Esketamine-Lidocaine for Patients Undergoing Lumpectomy.

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of the opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) technique with dexmedetomidine, esketamine, and lidocaine among patients diagnosed with benign breast mass and scheduled for lumpectomy. Methods: We enrolled 80 female patients who were aged from 18 to 60 years, graded with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II, diagnosed with benign breast mass, and scheduled for lumpectomy. These patients were randomly treated with OFA or opioid-based anesthesia (OBA). Dexmedetomidine-esketamine-lidocaine and sufentanil-remifentanil were administered in OFA and OBA group, respectively. We mainly compared the analgesic efficacy of OFA and OBA technique, as well as intraoperative hemodynamics, the quality of recovery, and satisfaction score of patients. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to visual analogue scale (VAS) score at 2, 12, and 24 h after extubation. However, the time to first rescue analgesic was prolonged in OFA group than that in OFB group (6.18 ± 1.00 min vs. 7.40 ± 0.92 min, P = 0.000). Further, mean arterial pressure and heart rate at T0 (entering operating room), T1 (before anesthesia induction), T2 (immediately after intubation), T3, T4, and T5 (1, 5, and 10 min after surgical incision, respectively) were significantly higher in OFA group than that in OBA group. Incidence of hypotension and bradycardia was lower in OFA group. Consistently, fewer patients in OFA group consumed atropine (8% vs. 32%, P = 0.019) and ephedrine (5% vs. 38%, P = 0.001) compared to OBA group. Furthermore, patients in OFA group had a longer awakening time (7.14 ± 2.63 min vs. 4.54 ± 1.14 min, P = 0.000) and recovery time of orientation (11.76 ± 3.15 min vs. 6.92 ± 1.19 min, P = 0.000). Fewer patients in the OFA group experienced postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (11% vs. 51%, P = 0.000) and consumed ondansetron (5% vs. 35%, P = 0.003) compared to OBA group. And patients in OFA group had a higher satisfaction score than those in OBA group (9 (8 - 9) vs. 7 (7 - 8), P = 0.000). Conclusion: For patients undergoing lumpectomy, OFA technique with dexmedetomidine-esketamine-lidocaine showed a better postoperative analgesic efficacy, a more stable hemodynamics, and a lower incidence of PONV. However, such advantage of OFA technique should be weighed against a longer awakening time and recovery time of orientation in clinical practice.

Identify Tcea3 as a novel anti-cardiomyocyte hypertrophy gene involved in fatty acid oxidation and oxidative stress.

Background: Chronic pressure overload triggers pathological cardiac hypertrophy that eventually leads to heart failure. Effective biomarkers and therapeutic targets for heart failure remain to be defined. The aim of this study is to identify key genes associated with pathological cardiac hypertrophy by combining bioinformatics analyses with molecular biology experiments. Methods: Comprehensive bioinformatics tools were used to screen genes related to pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by overlapping three Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE5500, GSE1621, and GSE36074). Correlation analysis and BioGPS online tool were used to detect the genes of interest. A mouse model of cardiac remodeling induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was established to verify the expression of the interest gene during cardiac remodeling by RT-PCR and western blot. By using RNA interference technology, the effect of transcription elongation factor A3 (Tcea3) silencing on PE-induced hypertrophy of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) was detected. Next, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and the online tool ARCHS4 were used to predict the possible signaling pathways, and the fatty acid oxidation relevant pathways were enriched and then verified in NRVMs. Furthermore, the changes of long-chain fatty acid respiration in NRVMs were detected using the Seahorse XFe24 Analyzer. Finally, MitoSOX staining was used to detect the effect of Tcea3 on mitochondrial oxidative stress, and the contents of NADP(H) and GSH/GSSG were detected by relevant kits. Results: A total of 95 DEGs were identified and Tcea3 was negatively correlated with Nppa, Nppb and Myh7. The expression level of Tcea3 was downregulated during cardiac remodeling both in vivo and in vitro. Knockdown of Tcea3 aggravated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by PE in NRVMs. GSEA and online tool ARCHS4 predict Tcea3 involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Subsequently, RT-PCR results showed that knockdown of Tcea3 up-regulated Ces1d and Pla2g5 mRNA expression levels. In PE induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, Tcea3 silencing results in decreased fatty acid utilization, decreased ATP synthesis and increased mitochondrial oxidative stress. Conclusion: Our study identifies Tcea3 as a novel anti-cardiac remodeling target by regulating FAO and governing mitochondrial oxidative stress.

Effects of Tai Chi Yunshou on upper-limb function and balance in stroke survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Physical rehabilitation plays an important role in the recovery of motor function after a stroke. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Tai Chi Yunshou (TCY), a form of physical therapy, on upper-limb function and balance in stroke survivors. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and five Chinese databases were retrieved from inception to July 1, 2020 (updated on March 31, 2022). Randomized controlled trials of TCY versus no-treatment for stroke were included. The RoB-2 was used to evaluate the quality of included studies. Upper-limb motor impairment, balance, and activities of daily living (ADLs) were measured by Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity Scale (FMA-UE), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Barthel Index (BI), respectively. Data synthesis was performed using RevMan (v5.3), and expressed as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Seven studies with 529 participants were included. Compared with no-treatment, TCY improved FMA-UE (MD = 7.31, 95% CI: 5.86-8.77, minimal clinically important difference [MCID]: 9-10), BBS (MD = 4.68, 95% CI: 0.28-9.07, MCID: 4), and BI (MD = 4.12, 95% CI: 3.28-4.96, MCID: 1.85) in stroke survivors. CONCLUSION: TCY may benefit balance and ADLs in rehabilitation after a stroke, but it may not improve upper-limb function clinically.

Immune-related adverse events induced by programmed death protein-1 inhibitors from the perspective of lymphoma immunotherapy.

Lymphoma, which is highly malignant, stems from lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue. Lymphoma cells express programmed death-ligand 1/2 (PD-L1/PD-L2), which binds with programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) to establish inhibitory signaling that impedes the normal function of T cells and allows tumor cells to escape immune system surveillance. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies such as PD-1 inhibitors (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) have been introduced into the lymphoma treatment algorithm and have shown remarkable clinical efficacy and greatly improve prognosis in lymphoma patients. Accordingly, the number of lymphoma patients who are seeking treatment with PD-1 inhibitors is growing annually, which results in an increasing number of patients developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The occurrence of irAEs inevitably affects the benefits provided by immunotherapy, particularly when PD-1 inhibitors are applied. However, the mechanisms and characteristics of irAEs induced by PD-1 inhibitors in lymphoma need further investigation. This review article summarizes the latest research advances in irAEs during treatment of lymphoma with PD-1 inhibitors. A comprehensive understanding of irAEs incurred in immunotherapy can help to achieve better efficacy with PD-1 inhibitors in lymphoma.

Neuron secrete exosomes containing miR-9-5p to promote polarization of M1 microglia in depression.

BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation is an important component mechanism in the development of depression. Exosomal transfer of MDD-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) from neurons to microglia might exacerbate neuronal cell inflammatory injury. RESULTS: By sequence identification, we found significantly higher miR-9-5p expression levels in serum exosomes from MDD patients than healthy control (HC) subjects. Then, in cultured cell model, we observed that BV2 microglial cells internalized PC12 neuron cell-derived exosomes while successfully transferring miR-9-5p. MiR-9-5p promoted M1 polarization in microglia and led to over releasing of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which exacerbated neurological damage. Furthermore, we identified suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) as a direct target of miR-9-5p. Overexpression of miR-9-5p suppressed SOCS2 expression and reactivated SOCS2-repressed Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways. Consistently, we confirmed that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of miR-9-5p polarized microglia toward the M1 phenotype and exacerbated depressive symptoms in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse mode. CONCLUSION: MiR-9-5p was transferred from neurons to microglia in an exosomal way, leading to M1 polarization of microglia and further neuronal injury. The expression and secretion of miR-9-5p might be novel therapeutic targets for MDD.

Serum Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Biomarkers for Early Detection and Prognosis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common aggressive malignancies worldwide, particularly in northern China. The absence of specific early symptoms and biomarkers leads to late-stage diagnosis, while early diagnosis and risk stratification are crucial for improving overall prognosis. We performed UPLC-MS/MS on 450 ESCC patients and 588 controls consisting of a discovery group and two validation groups to identify biomarkers for early detection and prognosis. Bioinformatics and clinical statistical methods were used for profiling metabolites and evaluating potential biomarkers. A total of 105 differential metabolites were identified as reliable biomarker candidates for ESCC with the same tendency in three cohorts, mainly including amino acids and fatty acyls. A predictive model of 15 metabolites [all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol, (±)-myristylcarnitine, (2S,3S)-3-methylphenylalanine, 3-(pyrazol-1-yl)-L-alanine, carnitine C10:1, carnitine C10:1 isomer1, carnitine C14-OH, carnitine C16:2-OH, carnitine C9:1, formononetin, hyodeoxycholic acid, indole-3-carboxylic acid, PysoPE 20:3, PysoPE 20:3(2n isomer1), and resolvin E1] was developed by logistic regression after LASSO and random forest analysis. This model held high predictive accuracies on distinguishing ESCC from controls in the discovery and validation groups (accuracies > 89%). In addition, the levels of four downregulated metabolites [hyodeoxycholic acid, (2S,3S)-3-methylphenylalanine, carnitine C9:1, and indole-3-carboxylic acid] were significantly higher in early cancer than advanced cancer. Furthermore, three independent prognostic markers were identified by multivariate Cox regression analyses with and without clinical indicators: a high level of MG(20:4)isomer and low levels of 9,12-octadecadienoic acid and L-isoleucine correlated with an unfavorable prognosis; the risk score based on these three metabolites was able to stratify patients into low or high risk. Moreover, pathway analysis indicated that retinol metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism were prominent perturbed pathways in ESCC. In conclusion, metabolic profiling revealed that perturbed amino acids and lipid metabolism were crucial metabolic signatures of ESCC. Both panels of diagnostic and prognostic markers showed excellent predictive performances. Targeting retinol and linoleic acid metabolism pathways may be new promising mechanism-based therapeutic approaches. Thus, this study would provide novel insights for the early detection and risk stratification for the clinical management of ESCC and potentially improve the outcomes of ESCC.

[α-lipoic acid ameliorates liver injury in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus via activating AMPK/mTOR pathway].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of α-lipoic acid in ameliorating liver injury in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus via activating adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activate protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. METHODS: The T2DM rat models were established by feeding with high-fat, high-sucrose diet and intraperitoneal injection of 27.5 mg/(kg·d) streptozotocin. The 32 rats with T2DM were randomly divided into 4 groups: T2DM group, α-lipoic acid group (LA), Compound C group (Comp C, an inhibitor of AMPK) and LA+Comp C group, with 8 rats in each group. Additionally, 8 Sprague-Dawlay (SD) rats without diabetes were set as normal control. The rats received α-lipoic acid at a dosage of 100 mg/(kg·d) or Compound C at a dosage of 20 mg/(kg·d) by intraperitoneal injection for 8 weeks as needed. The levels of relevant biochemical indexes were detected. The weight of liver was recorded to calculate liver weight index (LWI), and the pathological changes of liver tissues were detected by light and electron microscopy. The levels of AMPK, p-AMPK, mTOR, p-mTOR in rat liver were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the levels of LWI, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting blood glucose, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyl transferase and triglyceride in T2DM group were increased significantly (all P＜0.05). The liver tissue lesions were more serious and hepatic steatosis grade was higher. The expression of p-AMPK was decreased (P＜0.05) and the expression of p-mTOR was increased significantly(P＜0.05). α-lipoic acid could reverse the above-mentioned changes, ameliorate insulin resistance (all P＜0.05), protect the structure and function of liver, and activate the AMPK/mTOR pathway (P＜0.05). The protection of α-lipoic acid was weakened by the inhibition of AMPK with Compound C (P＜0.05). CONCLUSION: α-lipoic acid could protect the liver of rats with T2DM by activating AMPK/mTOR pathway.

GALA peptide improves the potency of nanobody-drug conjugates by lipid-induced helix formation.

A novel nanobody-drug conjugate (NDC) was constructed by incorporating an amphipathic peptide, GALA, which improved the cytotoxicity by one to two orders of magnitude. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that tethering to lipids induces GALA to form a helix, which dramatically enhances endocytosis. Our work provides a general strategy not only for improving the anti-cancer efficacy of protein-drug conjugates but also for increasing the efficiency of other types of endocytosis-dependent cell delivery.

Knockdown of the DUF647 family member RUS4 impairs stamen development and pollen maturation in Arabidopsis.

ROOT UV-B SENSITIVE4 (RUS4) encodes a Domain of Unknown Function647 (DUF647) protein, whose function is poorly understood. We have previously shown the artificial microRNA knockdown Arabidopsis RUS4 plants, referred to as amiR-RUS4, have severely reduced male fertility with a defect in anther dehiscence. Here, we show that amiR-RUS4 plants are also defective in pollen maturation and germination. Promoter-reporter analysis shows that RUS4 is highly expressed in tapetal layer, developing microspores, mature and germinating pollen, strongly suggesting its role in the process of pollen maturation. As the translational RUS4-GFP fusion protein has been localized to the chloroplasts where the first step of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis takes place, leading to the hypothesis that RUS4 may be involved in JA-mediated stamen development. We show that expression of several JA metabolic genes increased markedly in flower buds of the amiR-RUS4 plants compared to that of the wild-type. We further show that transcript abundance of a clade of the JA-responsive MYB transcript factor genes, especially MYB108, reduced significantly in stamens of amiR-RUS4 plants relative to the wild-type; these MYB transcript factors have been shown to be required for JA-mediated stamen and pollen maturation. Our data suggest that RUS4 may play a role in coordinating anther dehiscence and pollen maturation by affecting the expression of JA-related genes.

CD38 produces nicotinic acid adenosine dinucleotide phosphate in the lysosome.

Nicotinic acid adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger that regulates a wide range of biological activities. However, the mechanism of its biogenesis remains controversial. CD38 is the only enzyme known to catalyze NAADP synthesis from NADP and nicotinic acid. CD38-mediated catalysis requires an acidic pH, suggesting that NAADP may be produced in acidic endolysosomes, but this hypothesis is untested. In this study, using human cell lines, we specifically directed CD38 to the endolysosomal system and assessed cellular NAADP production. First, we found that nanobodies targeting various epitopes on the C-terminal domain of CD38 could bind to cell surface-localized CD38 and induce its endocytosis. We also found that CD38 internalization occurred via a clathrin-dependent pathway, delivered CD38 to the endolysosome, and elevated intracellular NAADP levels. We also created a CD38 variant for lysosome-specific expression, which not only withstood the degradative environment in the lysosome, but was also much more active than WT CD38 in elevating cellular NAADP levels. Supplementing CD38-expressing cells with nicotinic acid substantially increased cellular NAADP levels. These results demonstrate that endolysosomal CD38 can produce NAADP in human cells. They further suggest that CD38's compartmentalization to the lysosome may allow for its regulation via substrate access, rather than enzyme activation, thereby providing a reliable mechanism for regulating cellular NAADP production.

Evaluation of Volatile Organic Compounds and Carbonyl Compounds Present in the Cabins of Newly Produced, Medium- and Large-Size Coaches in China.

An air-conditioned coach is an important form of transportation in modern motorized society; as a result, there is an increasing concern of in-vehicle air pollution. In this study, we aimed to identify and quantify the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds (CCs) in air samples collected from the cabins of newly produced, medium- and large-size coaches. Among the identified VOCs and CCs, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein/acetone, and isovaleraldehyde were relatively abundant in the cabins. Time was found to affect the emissions of the contaminants in the coaches. Except for benzaldehyde, valeraldehyde and benzene, the highest in-vehicle concentrations of VOCs and CCs were observed on the 15th day after coming off the assembly line, and the concentrations exhibited an approximately inverted U-shaped pattern as a function of time. Interestingly, this study also showed that the interior temperature of the coaches significantly affected the VOCs emissions from the interior materials, whereas the levels of CCs were mainly influenced by the relative humidity within the coaches. In China, guidelines and regulations for the in-vehicle air quality assessment of the coaches have not yet been issued. The results of this study provide further understanding of the in-vehicle air quality of air-conditioned coaches and can be used in the development of both specific and general rules regarding medium- and large-size coaches.

The Inflammation Response to DEHP through PPARγ in Endometrial Cells.

Epidemiological studies have shown the possible link between phthalates and endometrium-related gynecological diseases, however the molecular mechanism(s) behind this is/are still unclear. In the study, both primary cultured endometrial cells and an endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (Ishikawa) were recruited to investigate the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) at human-relevant concentrations. The results showed that DEHP did not affect the viability of either type of cell, which showed different responses to inflammation. Primary cultured cells showed stronger inflammatory reactions than the Ishikawa cell line. The expression of inflammatory factors was induced both at the mRNA and protein levels, however the inflammation did not induce the progress of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as the protein levels of EMT markers were not affected after exposure to either cell type. Further study showed that the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) wereup-regulated after exposure. In all, our study showed that human-relevant concentrations of DEHP could elicit the inflammatory response in primary cultured endometrial cells rather than in Ishikawa cell line. PPARγ may act as the mediating receptor in the inflammation reaction.

CXC195 suppresses proliferation and inflammatory response in LPS-induced human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via regulating TLR4-MyD88-TAK1-mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathway.

CXC195 showed strong protective effects in neuronal apoptosis by exerting its antioxidant activity. However, the anti-cancer effects of CXC195 is still with limited acquaintance. Here, we investigated the role of CXC195 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells lines (HepG2) and the possible signaling pathways. CXC195 exhibited significant anti-proliferative effect and induced cell cycle arrest in LPS-induced HepG2 cells. In addition, CXC195 suppressed the release of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-induced HepG2 cells, including TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1ß, IL-6, CC chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-22 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Moreover, CXC195 inhibited the expressions and interactions of TLR4, MyD88 and TAK1, NF-κB translocation to nucleus and its DNA binding activity, phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Our results suggested that treatment with CXC195 could attenuate the TLR4-mediated proliferation and inflammatory response in LPS-induced HepG2 cells, thus might be beneficial for the treatment of HCC.

[Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection among 12 cities in China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes in patients with chronic HBV infection among 11 cities of China. METHODS: A total of 1214 serum samples from patients with chronic HBV infection were collected in 11 cities of China, including Beijing, Qingyuan, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, Hanchuan, Nanjing, Changchun, Liaocheng, Jinan, Ningbo and Wenzhou. Genotypes of the 1214 HBV strains were identified by PCR method with type specific primers. Parts of the results were confirmed by direct sequencing analysis of PCR products. RESULTS: Among the 1214 patients with chronic HBV infection, 0.7% (9/1214)were genotype A, 28.4% (345/1214)genotype B, 58.4% (709/1214) genotype C, and 12.4% (151/1214) genotype B and genotype C mixed infection. No other genotypes were found. Genotype C was predominant in the northern part of China, such as Changchun, Beijing, Shijiazhuang,while genotype B was more commonly seen in south of China. 71.4% (20/28) for patients from Qingyuan and 63.6% (70/110) from Shenzhen were infected with genotype B. CONCLUSION: HBV genotypes had distinct geographic distribution. Genotype B and C the predominant strains in patients with chronic HBV infection in China. Genotype C was predominantly identified in the northern part of China versus genotype B the south.

[Distribution and clinical significance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subtypes in HBV-infected patients].

OBJECTIVE: To study hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype and subtype distribution and its clinical significance in HBV-infected patients. METHODS: We used type/subtype-specific primers and PCR to detect HBV genotype and subtype of 445 HBV-infected patients from Beijing, Changchun, Hanchuan Shenzhen, Qingyuan and Nanjing, including 7 acute hepatitis (AH), 36 asymptomatic HBV carriers (ASC), 352 chronic hepatitis (CH), 28 liver cirrhosis (LC), and 22 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. Genotyping results were confirmed by PCR product sequencing. RESULTS: Among 445 HBV-infected patients, the proportions of genotype B, C, and B/C were 32.6% (145/445), 53.7% (239/445), and 13.7% (61/445), respectively. In genotype C, 13 (5.4%) were subtype C1, 135 (56.5%) were subtype C2, and the remaining 91 (38.1%) were neither C1 nor C2. In genotype B, 100 (69.0%) were subtype Ba, 25 (17.2%) subtype Bj, and the other 20 (13.8%) were neither Ba nor Bj. In genotype B/C, 15 (24.6%) were Ba/C2, 8 (13.1%) Bj/C2, 6 (9.8%) Ba/C1, 3 (4.9%) Bj/C1, 11 (18.0%) Ba/neither C1 nor C2, 7 (11.5%) Bj/neither C1 nor C2, and 6 (9.8%) neither Ba nor Bj/neither C1 nor C2, 2 (3.3%) neither Ba nor Bj/C1, 3 (4.9%) neither Ba nor Bj/C2. The HBV genotype and subtype distribution we found exhibited significant differences in the various clinical types of HBV infection tested, and showed that genotype C was predominant among patients with liver cirrhosis (78.6%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (86.4%) while genotype B was predominant in asymptomatic carriers (72.2%). In addition, genotype and subtype distribution showed no significant differences between male and female patients, but genotype and subtype distribution showed significant differences in patients positive or negative with HBeAg. CONCLUSION: Subtypes Ba and C2 are predominant in patients with hepatitis B from these 6 cities, and genotype C may be associated with the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.