"Whole-Body" Fluorination for Highly Efficient and Ultra-Stable All-Inorganic Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots.

Inherent "soft" ionic lattice nature of halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs), triggered by the weak Pb-X (X=Cl, Br, I) bond, is recognized as the primary culprit for their serious instability. A promising way is to construct exceedingly strong ionic interaction inside the QDs and increase their crystal cohesive energy by substituting the interior X- with highly electronegative F- , however, which is challenging and hitherto remains unreported. Here, a "whole-body" fluorination strategy is proposed for strengthening the interior bonding architecture of QDs, wherein the F- are uniformly distributed throughout the whole nanocrystal encompassing both the interior lattice and surface, successfully stabilizing their "soft" crystal lattice and passivating surface defects. This approach effectively mitigates their intrinsic instability issues including light-induced phase segregation. As a result, light-emitting devices based on these QDs exhibit exceptional efficiency and remarkable stability.

Research on atrial fibrillation mechanisms and prediction of therapeutic prospects: focus on the autonomic nervous system upstream pathways.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinical arrhythmia disorder. It can easily lead to complications such as thromboembolism, palpitations, dizziness, angina, heart failure, and stroke. The disability and mortality rates associated with AF are extremely high, significantly affecting the quality of life and work of patients. With the deepening of research into the brain-heart connection, the link between AF and stroke has become increasingly evident. AF is now categorized as either Known Atrial Fibrillation (KAF) or Atrial Fibrillation Detected After Stroke (AFDAS), with stroke as the baseline. This article, through a literature review, briefly summarizes the current pathogenesis of KAF and AFDAS, as well as the status of their clinical pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. It has been found that the existing treatments for KAF and AFDAS have limited efficacy and are often associated with significant adverse reactions and a risk of recurrence. Moreover, most drugs and treatment methods tend to focus on a single mechanism pathway. For example, drugs targeting ion channels primarily modulate ion channels and have relatively limited impact on other pathways. This limitation underscores the need to break away from the "one disease, one target, one drug/measurement" dogma for the development of innovative treatments, promoting both drug and non-drug therapies and significantly improving the quality of clinical treatment. With the increasing refinement of the overall mechanisms of KAF and AFDAS, a deeper exploration of physiological pathology, and comprehensive research on the brain-heart relationship, it is imperative to shift from long-term symptom management to more precise and optimized treatment methods that are effective for almost all patients. We anticipate that drugs or non-drug therapies targeting the central nervous system and upstream pathways can guide the simultaneous treatment of multiple downstream pathways in AF, thereby becoming a new breakthrough in AF treatment research.

Research Progress on the Mechanisms of Central Post-Stroke Pain: A Review.

Central Post-Stroke Pain (CPSP) is a primary sequelae of stroke that can develop in the body part corresponding to the cerebrovascular lesion after stroke, most typically after ischemic stroke but also after hemorrhagic stroke. The pathogenesis of CPSP is currently unknown, and research into its mechanism is ongoing. To summarize current research on the CPSP mechanism and provide guidance for future studies. Use "central post-stroke pain," "stroke AND thalamic pain," "stroke AND neuropathic pain," "post-stroke thalamic pain" as the search term. The search was conducted in the PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, summarizing and classifying the retrieved mechanism studies. The mechanistic studies on CPSP are extensive, and we categorized the included mechanistic studies and summarized them in terms of relevant pathway studies, relevant signals and receptors, relevant neural tissues, and described endoplasmic reticulum stress and other relevant studies, as well as summarized the mechanisms of acupuncture treatment. Studies have shown that the pathogenesis of CPSP involves the entire spinal-thalamo-cortical pathway and that multiple substances in the nervous system are involved in the formation and development of CPSP. Among them, the relevant receptors and signals are the hotspot of research, and the discovery and exploration of different receptors and signals have provided a wide range of therapeutic ideas for CPSP. As a very effective treatment, acupuncture is less studied regarding the analgesic mechanism of CPSP, and further experimental studies are still needed.

Exciton Localization for Highly Luminescent Two-Dimensional Tin-Based Hybrid Perovskites through Tin Vacancy Tuning.

Exciton localization is an approach for preparing highly luminescent semiconductors. However, realizing strongly localized excitonic recombination in low-dimensional materials such as two-dimensional (2D) perovskites remains challenging. Herein, we first propose a simple and efficient Sn2+ vacancy (VSn ) tuning strategy to enhance excitonic localization in 2D (OA)2 SnI4 (OA=octylammonium) perovskite nanosheets (PNSs), increasing their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) to ≈64 %, which is among the highest values reported for tin iodide perovskites. Combining experimental with first-principles calculation results, we confirm that the significantly increased PLQY of (OA)2 SnI4 PNSs is primarily due to self-trapped excitons with highly localized energy states induced by VSn . Moreover, this universal strategy can be applied for improving other 2D Sn-based perovskites, thereby paving a new way to fabricate diverse 2D lead-free perovskites with desirable PL properties.

Relationship Between Person-Organization Fit and Teacher Burnout in Kindergarten: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction.

As an important organizational factor, person-organization fit in kindergartens may lead to teacher burnout when it is unfitted. In order to explore the influence mechanism of person-organization fit on teacher burnout in kindergartens, this study introduced the variable of job satisfaction to study the mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between person-organization fit and teacher burnout in kindergartens. A total of 637 teachers from Henan, China, were surveyed by Person-Organization Fit Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale and Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results showed that person-organization fit, job satisfaction and teacher burnout were negatively correlated. Person-organization fit is positively correlated with job satisfaction. Job satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between person-organization fit and teacher burnout in kindergartens. In the end, the results of the relationship between person-organization fit, job satisfaction, and teacher burnout in Chinese kindergartens were discussed in this study.

Na+ , K+ -ATPase participates in the protective mechanism of rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion through the interaction with glutamate transporter-1.

Glutamate excitotoxicity in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is an important cause of neurological damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA) involved in l ow concentration of ouabain (Oua, activating NKA)-induced protection of rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and neurological deficit scores (NDS) were performed to evaluate rat cerebral injury degree respectively at 2 h, 6 h, 1 d and 3 d after reperfusion of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) 2 h in rats. NKA α1/α2 subunits and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) protein expression were investigated by Western blotting. The cerebral infarct volume ratio were evidently decreased in Oua group vs MCAO/R group at 1 d and 3 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats (*p ＜ 0.05 ). Moreover, NDS were not significantly different (p ＞ 0.05 ). NKA α1 was decreased at 6 h and 1 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats, and was improved in Oua group. However, NKA α1 and α2 were increased at 3 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats, and was decreased in Oua group. GLT-1 was decreased at 6 h, 1 d and 3 d after reperfusion of 2 h MCAO in rats, and was improved in Oua group. These data indicated that l ow concentration of Oua could improve MCAO/R injury through probably changing NKA α1/α2 and GLT-1 protein expression, then increasing GLT-1 function and promoting Glu transport and absorption, which could be useful to determine potential therapeutic strategies for patients with stroke. Low concentration of Oua improved rat MCAO/R injury via NKA α1/α2 and GLT-1.

Cation-doping matters in caesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals: from physicochemical fundamentals to optoelectronic applications.

All-inorganic caesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) with different dimensionalities have recently fascinated the research community due to their extraordinary optoelectronic properties including tunable bandgaps over the entire visible spectral region, high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) close to unity and narrow emission line widths down to 10-20 nm, making them particularly suitable as promising candidates for numerous applications ranging from light-emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells to scintillators. Despite the considerable progress made in the past six years, the real-world applications of caesium lead halide PeNCs themselves especially in the category of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br and I) are still restricted by their labile crystal lattices and downgraded luminescence when exposed to ambient air conditions. Recent experimental and theoretical studies on cation doping have proven to be an effective way to significantly improve the physicochemical properties of cesium lead halide PeNCs, which would have profound implications for a range of applications. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the most recent advances in cation-doped all-inorganic caesium lead halide PeNCs, aimed at developing high-performance and long-term stable optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices, which covers areas from their fundamental considerations of cation doping, controlled synthesis methodology and novel physicochemical properties to the optoelectronic applications with an emphasis on perovskite-based LEDs and solar cells. And finally, some possible directions of future efforts toward this active research field are also proposed.

Antithermal Quenching of Luminescence in Zero-Dimensional Hybrid Metal Halide Solids.

Zero-dimensional (0D) hybrid metal halides have emerged as a new generation of luminescent phosphors owing to their high radiative recombination rates, which, akin to their three-dimensional cousins, commonly demonstrate thermal quenching of luminescence. Here, we report on the finding of antithermal quenching of luminescence in 0D hybrid metal halides. Using (C9NH20)2SnBr4 single crystals as an example system, we show that 0D metal halides can demonstrate antithermal quenching of luminescence. A combination of experimental characterizations and first-principles calculations suggests that antithermal quenching of luminescence is associated with trap states introduced by structural defects in (C9NH20)2SnBr4. Importantly, we find that antithermal quenching of luminescence is not only limited to (C9NH20)2SnBr4 but also exists in other 0D metal halides. Our work highlights the important role of defects in impacting photophysical properties of hybrid metal halides and may stimulate new efforts to explore metal halides exhibiting antithermal quenching of luminescence at higher temperatures.

Cross-sectional Seroprevalence and Genotype of Hepatitis E Virus in Humans and Swine in a High-density Pig-farming Area in Central China.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a common public health problem in developing countries. However, the current prevalence of HEV and the relationship of HEV genotype between swine and human within high-density pig-farming areas in central China are still inadequately understood. Here, cross-sectional serological and genotypic surveys of HEV among the 1232 general population, 273 workers occupationally exposed to swine, and 276 pigs in a high-density pig-breeding area, were undertaken by ELISA and nested RT-PCR methods. Anti-HEV IgG was detected in 26.22% of general population and 48.35% of occupational workers. The prevalence of swine serum HEV-Ag was 6.52%. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was significantly higher among the workers occupationally exposed to swine than among the general population. An increased HEV seropositivity risk among the general population was associated with either being a peasant or male and was very strongly associated with the increase of age. Among the occupationally exposed group, the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies increased with age and working years. Among the 30 HEV-IgM-positive people, the infection rates of clerks in the public, peasants, pork retailers, and pig farmers were higher than those of others. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the isolates belonged to subgenotype 4d, and four people and four pigs shared 97.04%-100% sequence homology. This study revealed a high HEV seroprevalence among the general population and workers occupationally exposed to swine in the Anlu City, and supports the notion that swine are a source of human HEV infection.

[The role of SPAG6/SPINK2 protein complex in the formation of sperm acrosome in mice].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression and regulatory function of sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) in the formation of the sperm acrosome in mice. METHODS: The expression of SPAG6 during the first wave of spermatogenesis on postnatal days (PN) 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 30 and 35 was examined by Western blot and the localization of SPAG6 in the testicular germ cells was determined by immunofluorescence. The expression plasmids of SPAG6 and serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 2 (SPINK2) were constructed, the interaction between SPAG6 and SPINK2 in the AH109 and CHO cells examined by yeast two-hybrid and co-localization assays, and the expression and localization of SPINK2 in the testicular germ cells of the SPAG6-knockout (SPAG6 KO) mice detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: SPAG6 was highly expressed between PN 16 and 28 and localized in the acrosome of the round spermatids. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed the growth of SPAG6 and SPINK2 in the selective culture medium SD/-Leu/-Trp/-His, and the transfection of the CHO cells revealed the co-localization of SPAG6 and SPINK2 around the nuclei. The expression and acrosomal localization of SPINK2 were not found in the testicular germ cells of the SPAG6-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS: SPAG6 interacts with SPINK2 and probably participates in the formation of the sperm acrosome by stabilizing the expression of SPINK2 during spermatogenesis.

Doping-Enhanced Short-Range Order of Perovskite Nanocrystals for Near-Unity Violet Luminescence Quantum Yield.

All-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as a new generation of low-cost semiconducting luminescent system for optoelectronic applications. The room-temperature photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of these NCs in the green and red spectral range approach unity. However, their PLQYs in the violet are much lower, and an insightful understanding of such poor performance remains missing. We report a general strategy for the synthesis of all-inorganic violet-emitting perovskite NCs with near-unity PLQYs through engineering local order of the lattice by nickel ion doping. A broad range of experimental characterizations, including steady-state and time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectra, and magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, reveal that the low PLQY in undoped NCs is associated with short-range disorder of the lattice induced by intrinsic defects such as halide vacancies and that Ni doping can substantially eliminate these defects and result in increased short-range order of the lattice. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Ni doping of perovskites causes an increase of defect formation energy and does not introduce deep trap states in the band gap, which is suggested to be the main reason for the improved local structural order and near-unity PLQY. Our ability to obtain violet-emitting perovskite NCs with near-perfect properties opens the door for a range of applications in violet-emitting perovskite-based devices such as light-emitting diodes, single-photon sources, lasers, and beyond.

Cs4PbBr6/CsPbBr3 Perovskite Composites with Near-Unity Luminescence Quantum Yield: Large-Scale Synthesis, Luminescence and Formation Mechanism, and White Light-Emitting Diode Application.

All-inorganic perovskites have emerged as a new class of phosphor materials owing to their outstanding optical properties. Zero-dimensional inorganic perovskites, in particular the Cs4PbBr6-related systems, are inspiring intensive research owing to the high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and good stability. However, synthesizing such perovskites with high PLQYs through an environment-friendly, cost-effective, scalable, and high-yield approach remains challenging, and their luminescence mechanisms has been elusive. Here, we report a simple, scalable, room-temperature self-assembly strategy for the synthesis of Cs4PbBr6/CsPbBr3 perovskite composites with near-unity PLQY (95%), high product yield (71%), and good stability using low-cost, low-toxicity chemicals as precursors. A broad range of experimental and theoretical characterizations suggest that the high-efficiency PL originates from CsPbBr3 nanocrystals well passivated by the zero-dimensional Cs4PbBr6 matrix that forms based on a dissolution-crystallization process. These findings underscore the importance in accurately identifying the phase purity of zero-dimensional perovskites by synchrotron X-ray technique to gain deep insights into the structure-property relationship. Additionally, we demonstrate that green-emitting Cs4PbBr6/CsPbBr3, combined with red-emitting K2SiF6:Mn4+, can be used for the construction of WLEDs. Our work may pave the way for the use of such composite perovskites as highly luminescent emitters in various applications such as lighting, displays, and other optoelectronic and photonic devices.

Controlling Crystallization of All-Inorganic Perovskite Films for Ultralow-Threshold Amplification Spontaneous Emission.

All-inorganic lead halide perovskites have gained considerable interest owing to their potential applications in an array of high-performance optoelectronic devices. However, producing highly luminescent, nearly pinhole-free, all-inorganic perovskite films through a simple solution process remains challenging. Here, we provide a detailed investigation of the crystallization control of inorganic perovskite films fabricated by a one-step spin-coating process. Our results reveal that the coating temperature in the fabrication process is of paramount importance in influencing perovskite crystallization and that lowering the coating temperature and fine stoichiometry modification of the precursors favor the suppression of trap states in CsPbBr3 perovskite films. A broad range of experimental characterizations help us identify that nonsynergistic assembly of solutes, resulting from poor diffusion capability of inorganic salts, is the dominant cause for the inhomogeneous element distribution, low luminescence yield, and poor surface coverage of the resulting films. Importantly, we find that polyethylene glycol can also be used for tailoring the crystallization process, which enables the attainment of high-quality CsPbBr3 films with a maximum luminescence yield of ∼30%. Finally, we demonstrate that amplification spontaneous emission with an ultralow threshold can be readily accomplished by using the developed film as an emissive component. Our findings provide deep insights into the crystallization control of CsPbBr3 perovskite films and establish a systematic route to high-quality all-inorganic perovskite films, paving the way for widespread optoelectronic applications.