RESUMO
Developing hydrogen production and utilization technologies is a promising way to achieve large-scale applications of renewable energy. For both water electrolysis and fuel cell electrode reactions, electrocatalysts are critical to their energy conversion efficiencies. Among the various strategies for improving the performance of electrocatalysts, dealloying has been developed as a commonly used effective post-processing method. It originated from anti-corrosion science and can form metal materials with porous or "skin" nanostructures by selectively dissolving the active components in alloys. There are generally two types of dealloying methods: electrochemical dealloying and chemical dealloying. Electrochemical dealloying is more controllable, while chemical dealloying is simpler and less expensive. In this review, the fundamentals, histories, and progress of dealloying methods for energy conversion electrocatalysis are systematically summarized. Furthermore, current problems and prospects are proposed.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: We investigated the applicability of linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) methodology to the subcutaneous blood glucose regulation problem. We designed an LQG-based feedback control algorithm using linearization of a previously published metabolic model of type 1 diabetes. A key feature of the controller is a Kalman filter used to estimate metabolic states of the patient based on continuous glucose monitoring. Insulin infusion is computed from linear quadratic regulator feedback gains applied to these estimates, generally seeking to minimize squared deviations from a target glucose concentration and basal insulin rate. We evaluated in silico subject-specific LQG control and compared it to preexisting proportional-integral-derivative control.
