Electrostimulation suppresses allograft rejection via promoting lymphatic regulatory T cell migration mediated by lymphotoxin - lymphotoxin receptor ß signaling.

Conventional immunosuppressants that suppress allograft rejection cause various side effects. Although regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for allograft survival, the limited efficacy of Treg therapy demands improvement. Thus, it is imperative to seek new approaches to enhancing Treg suppression. Low-intensity electrostimulation (ES) has been shown to exert antiinflammatory effects without causing major adverse reactions. However, it remains unknown whether and how ES regulates alloimmunity. Here, we found that regional ES delayed murine skin allograft rejection and promoted long-term allograft survival induced by an mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin. ES also extended islet allograft survival. Mechanistically, ES enhanced the expression of lymphotoxin α (LTα) on Tregs after transplantation. Blockade of lymphotoxin ß receptor-mediated nonclassical NFκB signaling suppressed lymphatic Treg migration and largely reversed the effects of ES on allograft survival. Moreover, ES failed to extend allograft survival when recipients lacked LTα/lymph nodes or if transferred Tregs lacked LTα. Therefore, ES promoted the lymphatic migration of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs by upregulating their surface expression of LTα. Finally, ES augmented expression of LTα on murine or human Tregs, but not conventional T cells, while promoting their calcium influx in vitro. This ES-mediated upregulation of LTα relied on calcium influx. Thus, our findings have unveiled novel mechanisms underlying ES-mediated immunoregulation.

Association between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease: A prospective cohort study.

In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in comprehending the impact of alcohol consumption on adverse health outcomes. However, the quality of evidence remains limited. Our objective was to conduct a prospective study examining the relationship between different types of alcoholic beverages and the risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD), and identifying the thresholds of safe dose stratified by sex using data from the UK Biobank. 502,490 participants were enrolled. These participants were initially registered between 2006 and 2010, and underwent reassessment between 2012 and 2013. All participants completed a detailed questionnaire on their alcohol consumption, including total alcohol consumption yesterday, weekly consumption of red wine, champagne plus white wine, beer, spirits, and fortified wine. All-cause mortality and the incidence of CVD and CKD were considered as the primary outcomes. 2852 participants reported CKD during a median follow-up period of 11.94 years, while 79,958 participants reported CVD over a median follow-up period of 11.35 years. Additionally, 18,923 participants died over a median follow-up period of 11.89 years. After adjusting for variables such as age, sex, education level, smoking status, diet score, and exercise score, total alcohol consumption showed a U-shaped relationship with the risk of CVD and all-cause mortality, but showed an inverse association with the risk of CKD. Upon further classification of alcoholic beverages, our analysis revealed that red wine, champagne plus white wine, beer, spirits, and fortified wine presented a U-shaped relationship with the risk of all-cause mortality and CKD. However, spirits were positively associated with the risk of CVD, only red wine, champagne plus white wine, beer, and fortified wine showed a U-shaped relationship with the risk of CVD. The safe doses of total alcohol consumption should be < 11 g/d for males and < 10 for females, red wine consumption should be < 7 glasses/week for males and < 6 for females, champagne plus white wine consumption should be < 5 glasses/week, and fortified wine consumption should be < 4 glasses/week. Red wine, champagne plus white wine, beer, and fortified wine below the corresponding thresholds of safe dose in our analysis were significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality, CVD, and CKD. And these alcoholic beverages under safe doses exhibited a protective effect against conditions like diabetes, depression, dementia, epilepsy, liver cirrhosis, and other digestive diseases, while didn't increase the risk of cancer.

Effects of circulating inflammatory proteins on osteoporosis and fractures: evidence from genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization study.

Objective: There is a controversy in studies of circulating inflammatory proteins (CIPs) in association with osteoporosis (OP) and fractures, and it is unclear if these two conditions are causally related. This study used MR analyses to investigate the causal associations between 91 CIPs and OP and 9 types of fractures. Methods: Genetic variants data for CIPs, OP, and fractures were obtained from the publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) database. We used inverse variance weighted (IVW) as the primary analysis, pleiotropy, and heterogeneity tests to analyze the validity and robustness of causality and reverse MR analysis to test for reverse causality. Results: The IVW results with Bonferroni correction indicated that CXCL11 (OR = 1.2049; 95% CI: 1.0308-1.4083; P = 0.0192) can increase the risk of OP; IL-4 (OR = 1.2877; 95% CI: 1.1003-1.5070; P = 0.0016), IL-7 (OR = 1.2572; 95% CI: 1.0401-1.5196; P = 0.0180), IL-15RA (OR = 1.1346; 95% CI: 1.0163-1.2668; P = 0.0246), IL-17C (OR = 1.1353; 95% CI: 1.0272-1.2547; P = 0.0129), CXCL10 (OR = 1.2479; 95% CI: 1.0832-1.4377; P = 0.0022), eotaxin/CCL11 (OR = 1.1552; 95% CI: 1.0525-1.2678; P = 0.0024), and FGF23 (OR = 1.9437; 95% CI: 1.1875-3.1816; P = 0.0082) can increase the risk of fractures; whereas IL-10RB (OR = 0.9006; 95% CI: 0.8335-0.9730; P = 0.0080), CCL4 (OR = 0.9101; 95% CI: 0.8385-0.9878; P = 0.0242), MCP-3/CCL7 (OR = 0.8579; 95% CI: 0.7506-0.9806; P = 0.0246), IFN-γ [shoulder and upper arm (OR = 0.7832; 95% CI: 0.6605-0.9287; P = 0.0049); rib(s), sternum and thoracic spine (OR = 0.7228; 95% CI: 0.5681-0.9197; P = 0.0083)], ß-NGF (OR = 0.8384; 95% CI: 0.7473-0.9407; P = 0.0027), and SIRT2 (OR = 0.5167; 95% CI: 0.3296-0.8100; P = 0.0040) can decrease fractures risk. Conclusion: Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses indicated the causal associations between multiple genetically predicted CIPs and the risk of OP and fractures.

Zhen-Wu-Tang ameliorates lupus nephritis by diminishing renal tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells via suppressing IL-15/STAT3 pathway.

Zhen-Wu-Tang (ZWT), a conventional herbal mixture, has been recommended for treating lupus nephritis (LN) in clinic. However, its mechanisms of action remain unknown. Here we aimed to define the immunological mechanisms underlying the effects of ZWT on LN and to determine whether it affects renal tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells. Murine LN was induced by a single injection of pristane, while in vitro TRM cells differentiated with IL-15/TGF-ß. We found that ZWT or mycophenolate mofetil treatment significantly ameliorated kidney injury in LN mice by decreasing 24-h urine protein, Scr and anti-dsDNA Ab. ZWT also improved renal pathology and decreased IgG and C3 depositions. In addition, ZWT down-regulated renal Desmin expression. Moreover, it lowered the numbers of CD8+ TRM cells in kidney of mice with LN while decreasing their expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ. Consistent with in vivo results, ZWT-containing serum inhibited TRM cell differentiation induced by IL-15/TGF-ß in vitro. Mechanistically, it suppressed phosphorylation of STAT3 and CD122 （IL2/IL-15Rß）expression in CD8+ TRM cells. Importantly, ZWT reduced the number of total F4/80+CD11b+ and CD86+, but not CD206+, macrophages in the kidney of LN mice. Interestingly, ZWT suppressed IL-15 protein expression in macrophages in vivo and in vitro. Thus, we have provided the first evidence that ZWT decoction can be used to improve the outcome of LN by reducing CD8+ TRM cells via inhibition of IL-15/IL-15R /STAT3 signaling.

The TOPK Inhibitor HI-TOPK-032 Enhances CAR T-cell Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Upregulating Memory T Cells.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are emerging as an effective antitumoral therapy. However, their therapeutic effects on solid tumors are limited because of their short survival time and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Memory T cells respond more vigorously and persist longer than their naïve/effector counterparts. Therefore, promoting CAR T-cell development into memory T cells could further enhance their antitumoral effects. HI-TOPK-032 is a T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK)-specific inhibitor that moderately represses some types of tumors. However, it is unknown whether HI-TOPK-032 works on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and whether it impacts antitumoral immunity. Using both subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft tumor models of two human HCC cell lines, Huh-7 and HepG2, we found that HI-TOPK-032 significantly improved proliferation/persistence of CD8+ CAR T cells, as evidenced by an increase in CAR T-cell counts or frequency of Ki-67+CD8+ cells and a decrease in PD-1+LAG-3+TIM-3+CD8+ CAR T cells in vivo. Although HI-TOPK-032 did not significantly suppress HCC growth, it enhanced the capacity of CAR T cells to inhibit tumor growth. Moreover, HI-TOPK-032 augmented central memory CD8+ T cell (TCM) frequency while increasing eomesodermin expression in CD8+ CAR T cells in tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, it augmented CD8+ CAR TCM cells in vitro and reduced their expression of immune checkpoint molecules. Finally, HI-TOPK-032 inhibited mTOR activation in CAR T cells in vitro and in tumors, whereas overactivation of mTOR reversed the effects of HI-TOPK-032 on CD8+ TCM cells and tumor growth. Thus, our studies have revealed mechanisms underlying the antitumoral effects of HI-TOPK-032 while advancing CAR T-cell immunotherapy.

Association Between Serum Neurofilament Light Chain and Neurochemistry Deficits in Patients with Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3.

Extensive evidence supports the claim that the serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) can be used as a biomarker to monitor disease severity in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3). However, little is known about the associations between sNfL levels and neurochemical alterations in SCA3 patients. In this study, we performed a cross-sectional study to analyze the association between sNfL and brain metabolic changes in SCA3 patients. The severity of ataxia was assessed by using the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) and the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). The sNfL levels and brain metabolic changes, represented by N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) and choline complex (Cho)/Cr ratios, were measured by a single-molecule array and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. In this cohort, we observed consistently elevated sNfL levels and reduced brain metabolites in the cerebellar hemispheres, dentate nucleus, and cerebellar vermis. However, this correlation was further validated in the cerebellar cortex after analysis using pairwise comparisons and a Bonferroni correction. Taken together, our results further confirmed that sNfL levels were increased in SCA3 patients and were negatively correlated with metabolic changes in the cerebellar cortex. Our data also support the idea that sNfL levels are a promising potential complementary biomarker for patients with SCA3.

Methotrexate and electrostimulation cooperate to alleviate the relapse of psoriasiform skin inflammation by suppressing memory T cells.

Methotrexate (MTX) is an immunosuppressant used to treat autoimmune diseases, including psoriasis. However, like other immunosuppressants, MTX alone does not prevent their recurrence. Electrostimulation (ES) has been utilized to treat some inflammatory disorders without any major side-effect. But it remains unknown if ES alone, or together with MTX, ameliorates autoimmune disease relapse: a sticky medical problem. In particular, the mechanisms underlying ES action remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine an impact of ES and/or MTX on psoriasis relapse and their potential cooperation. We found that regional ES, but not MTX, ameliorated psoriasiform skin inflammation recurrence. Interestingly, treatment with both MTX and ES further prevented psoriasis recurrence compared to ES alone. Moreover, ES downregulated potassium channel Kv1.3 on T-cells and reduced CD4+/CD8+ effector memory (TEM) and CD8+ skin-resident memory T (TRM) cells, while ES plus MTX further decreased CD8+ TEM/TRM cells compared to ES alone. However, ES failed to further attenuate psoriasis recurrence or suppress T cell memory in Kv1.3-deficient mice, whereas lack of Kv1.3 itself ameliorated psoriasis relapse by shrinking T cell memory pool. Importantly, ES moderately inhibited T-cell proliferation in vitro. ES also reduced human CD8+ TRM cells and attenuated human skin lesions in humanized mice grafted with lesional skin from patients with recurrent psoriasis, with an enhanced efficacy in mice treated with both ES and MTX. Thus, ES and MTX cooperated to prevent psoriasis relapse by reducing T-cell memory via targeting potassium channel Kv1.3. Our studies may be implicated for treating human psoriasis.

Quercetin is a Potential Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis via Targeting Caspase-8 Through Ferroptosis and Pyroptosis.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of its pathogenesis are unknown. This study aimed to identify the common biomarkers of ferroptosis and pyroptosis in RA and screen potential drugs. Methods: The RA-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GSE55235 were screened by R software and intersected with ferroptosis and pyroptosis gene libraries to obtain differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes (DEFRGs) and differentially expressed pyroptosis-related genes (DEPRGs). We performed Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of the Genome (KEGG), ClueGO, and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analysis for DEFRGs and DEPRGs and validated them by machine learning. The microRNA/transcription factor (TF)-hub genes regulatory network was further constructed. The key gene was validated using the GSE77298 validation set, cellular validation was performed in in vitro experiments, and immune infiltration analysis was performed using CIBERSORT. Network pharmacology was used to find key gene-targeting drugs, followed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the binding stability between small-molecule drugs and large-molecule proteins. Results: Three hub genes (CASP8, PTGS2, and JUN) were screened via bioinformatics, and the key gene (CASP8) was validated and obtained through the validation set, and the diagnostic efficacy was verified to be excellent through the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The ferroptosis and pyroptosis phenotypes were constructed by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), and caspase-8 was detected and validated as a common biomarker for ferroptosis and pyroptosis in RA, and quercetin can reduce caspase-8 levels. Quercetin was found to be a potential target drug for caspase-8 by network pharmacology, and the stability of their binding was further verified using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Conclusion: Caspase-8 is an important biomarker for ferroptosis and pyroptosis in RA, and quercetin is a potential therapy for RA via targeting caspase-8 through ferroptosis and pyroptosis.

Mendelian randomization analysis suggests no associations of human herpes viruses with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Background: The causal associations between infections with human herpes viruses (HHVs) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been disputed. This study investigated the causal associations between herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), HHV-6, and HHV-7 infections and ALS through a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Methods: The genome-wide association studies (GWAS) database were analyzed by inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods. MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO test, Cochran's Q test, funnel plots, and leaveone-out analysis were used to verify the validity and robustness of the MR results. Results: In the forward MR analysis of the IVW, genetically predicted HSV infections [odds ratio (OR) = 0.9917; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9685-1.0154; p = 0.4886], HSV keratitis and keratoconjunctivitis (OR = 0.9897; 95% CI: 0.9739-1.0059; p = 0.2107), anogenital HSV infection (OR = 1.0062; 95% CI: 0.9826-1.0304; p = 0.6081), VZV IgG (OR = 1.0003; 95% CI: 0.9849-1.0160; p = 0.9659), EBV IgG (OR = 0.9509; 95% CI: 0.8879-1.0183; p = 0.1497), CMV (OR = 0.9481; 95% CI: 0.8680-1.0357; p = 0.2374), HHV-6 IgG (OR = 0.9884; 95% CI: 0.9486-1.0298; p = 0.5765) and HHV-7 IgG (OR = 0.9991; 95% CI: 0.9693-1.0299; p = 0.9557) were not causally associated with ALS. The reverse MR analysis of the IVW revealed comparable findings, indicating no link between HHVs infections and ALS. The reliability and validity of the findings were verified by the sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: According to the MR study, there is no evidence of causal associations between genetically predicted HHVs (HSV, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-7) and ALS.

High-performance laser power converts for wireless information transmission applications.

Laser Power Converters (LPCs) are components of the laser wireless power transmission (LWPT) system receiving laser power. This paper proposes a comprehensive test method that employs continuous, pulse-pause, and short-time techniques to evaluate the performance of six-junction GaAs LPCs operating with an optical input at 808 nm. Additionally, we investigate the performance of LPCs with different areas and achieve a conversion efficiency over 60%. Furthermore, we apply LPCs with varying areas to wireless information transmission and successfully achieve a response time of 1.7 µs.

Regional Pollination Activity by Moth Migration in Athetis lepigone.

Nocturnal moths (Lepidoptera) are important pollinators of a wide range of plant species. Understanding the foraging preferences of these insects is essential for their scientific management. However, this information is lacking for most moth species. The present study was therefore conducted to delineate the host plant feeding and pollination ranges of an agriculturally important nocturnal moth species Athetis lepigone by identifying the pollen species adhering to their bodies during long-distance migration. Pollen grains were dislodged from 1871 A. lepigone migrants captured on Beihuang Island in the Bohai Strait between 2020 and 2021. This region is a key seasonal migration pathway for A. lepigone in northern China. Almost 20% of all moths sampled harbored pollens, providing direct evidences that this moth species may serve as pollinators. Moreover, at least 39 pollen taxa spanning 21 plant families and 31 genera were identified, with a preference for Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, and Pinaceae. Additionally, the pollen adherence ratios and taxa varied with moth sex, inter-annual changes, and seasonal fluctuations. Most importantly, the pollen taxa were correlated with insect migration stages and indicated that A. lepigone bidirectionally migrates between central China (Shandong, Hebei, and Henan Provinces) and northeastern China (Liaoning Province). Overall, the findings of the present work provide valuable information on the pollination behavior, geographical origins, and pollination regions of A. lepigone moths and could facilitate the design and optimization of efficacious local and regional management strategies for this important insect.

Biodegradation of nitrate and p-bromophenol using hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactors in parallel.

ABSTRACTP-bromophenol (4-BP) is a toxic halogenated phenolic organic compound. The conventional treatment processes for 4-BP elimination are costly and inefficient, with complete mineralization remaining a challenge for water treatment. To overcome these limitations, we investigated the treatment of 4-BP in a membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) using hydrogen as an electron donor. The pathway of 4-BP degradation within the H2-MBfR was investigated through long-term operational experiments by considering the effect of nitrate and 4-BP concentrations, hydrogen partial pressure, static experiments, and microbial community diversity, which was studied using 16S rRNA. The results showed that H2-MBfR could quickly remove approximately 100% of 4-BP (up to 20 mg/L), with minimal intermediate product accumulation and 10 mg/L of nitrate continuously reduced. The microbial community structure showed that the presence of H2 created an anaerobic environment, and Thauera was the dominant functional genus involved in the degradation of 4-BP. The genes encoding related enzymes were further enhanced. This study provides an economically viable and environmentally friendly bioremediation technique for water bodies that contain 4-BP and nitrates.

Age of Synchronization Minimization Algorithms in Wireless Networks with Random Updates under Throughput Constraints.

This study considers a wireless network where multiple nodes transmit status updates to a base station (BS) through a shared bandwidth-limited channel. Considering the random arrival of status updates, we measure the data freshness with the age of synchronization (AoS) metric; specifically, we use the time elapsed since the latest synchronization as a metric. The objective of this study is to minimize the weighted sum of the average AoS of the entire network while meeting the minimum throughput requirement of each node. We consider both the central scheduling scenario and the distributed scheduling scenario. In the central scheduling scenario, we propose the optimal stationary randomized policy when the transmission feedback is unavailable and the max-weight policy when it is available. In the distributed scenario, we propose a distributed policy. The complexity of the three scheduling policies is significantly low. Numerical simulations show that the policies can satisfy the throughput constraint in the central controlling scenario and the AoS performance of the max-weight policy is close to the lower bound.

Bifurcation instructed design of multistate machines.

We propose a design paradigm for multistate machines where transitions from one state to another are organized by bifurcations of multiple equilibria of the energy landscape describing the collective interactions of the machine components. This design paradigm is attractive since, near bifurcations, small variations in a few control parameters can result in large changes to the system's state providing an emergent lever mechanism. Further, the topological configuration of transitions between states near such bifurcations ensures robust operation, making the machine less sensitive to fabrication errors and noise. To design such machines, we develop and implement a new efficient algorithm that searches for interactions between the machine components that give rise to energy landscapes with these bifurcation structures. We demonstrate a proof of concept for this approach by designing magnetoelastic machines whose motions are primarily guided by their magnetic energy landscapes and show that by operating near bifurcations we can achieve multiple transition pathways between states. This proof of concept demonstration illustrates the power of this approach, which could be especially useful for soft robotics and at the microscale where typical macroscale designs are difficult to implement.

[Research progress in strigolactones and application prospect in medicinal plants].

Strigolactones(SLs) are a class of sesquiterpenoids derived from the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway with the core carbon skeleton consisting of tricyclic lactone(ABC tricyclic ring) and α,ß-unsaturated furan ring(D ring). SLs are widely distributed in higher plants and are symbiotic signals between plants and Arbuscular mycorrhiza(AM), which play key roles in the evolution of plant colonizing terrestrial habitats. As a new type of plant hormone, SLs possess such important biological functions as inhibiting shoot branching(tillers), regulating root architecture, promoting secondary growth, and improving plant stress resistance. Therefore, SLs have attracted wide attention. The biological functions of SLs are not only closely related to the formation of "excellent shape and quality" of Chinese medicinal materials but also have important practical significance for the production of high-quality medicinal materials. However, SLs have been currently widely studied in model plants and crops such as Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana, and few related studies have been reported on SLs in medicinal plants, which need to be strengthened. This review focused on the latest research progress in the isolation and identification, biological and artificial synthesis pathways, biosynthesis sites and transport modes, signal transduction pathways and mechanisms, and biological functions of SLs, and prospected the research on the regulation mechanism of SLs in the growth and development of medicinal plants and their related application on targeted regulation of Chinese herbal medicine production, which is expected to provide some references for the in-depth research on SLs in the field of Chinese medicinal resources.

[Cloning and gene function of dicarboxylate-tricarboxylate carrier protein in Gastrodia elata].

The gene GeDTC encoding the dicarboxylate-tricarboxylate carrier protein in Gastrodia elata was cloned by specific primers which were designed based on the transcriptome data of G. elata. Bioinformatics analysis on GeDTC gene was carried out by using ExPASY, ClustalW, MEGA, etc. Positive transgenic plants and potato minituber were obtained by virtue of the potato genetic transformation system. Agronomic characters, such as size, weight, organic acid content, and starch content, of potato minituber were tested and analyzed and GeDTC gene function was preliminarily investigated. The results showed that the open reading frame of GeDTC gene was 981 bp in length and 326 amino acid residues were encoded, with a relative molecular weight of 35.01 kDa. It was predicted that the theoretical isoelectric point of GeDTC protein was 9.83, the instability coefficient was 27.88, and the average index of hydrophilicity was 0.104, which was indicative of a stable hydrophilic protein. GeDTC protein had a transmembrane structure and no signal peptide and was located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. The phylogenetic tree showed that GeDTC was highly homologous with DTC proteins of other plant species, among which GeDTC had the highest homology with DcDTC(XP＿020675804.1) in Dendrobium candidum, reaching 85.89%. GeDTC overexpression vector pCambia1300-35Spro-GeDTC was constructed by double digests, and transgenic potato plants were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. Compared with the wild-type plants, transgenic potato minituber harvested by transplanting had smaller size, lighter weight, lower organic acid content, and no significant difference in starch content. It is preliminarily induced that GeDTC is the efflux channel of tricarboxylate and related to the tuber development, which lays a foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of G. elata tuber development.

[Application of strigolactone analogs in storage of Gastrodia elata].

This study explored the preservation effect of strigolactone analogs on Gastrodia elata tubers and screened out the suitable preservation measures of G. elata to provide a safer and more effective method for its storage and preservation. Fresh G. elata tubers were treated with 7FGR24, 2,4-D isooctyl ester, and maleic hydrazide, respectively. The growth of flower buds, the activities of CAT, and MDA, and the content of gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol were measured to compare the effects of different compounds on the storage and preservation of G. elata. The effects of different storage temperatures on the preservation of 7FGR24 were compared and analyzed. The gibberellin signal transduction receptor gene GeGID1 was cloned, and the effect of 7FGR24 on the expression level of GeGID1 was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR). The toxicity of the G. elata preservative 7FGR24 was analyzed by intragastric administration in mice to evaluate its safety. The results showed that compared with 2,4-D isooctyl ester and maleic hydrazide, 7FGR24 treatment had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of G. elata flower buds, and the CAT enzyme activity of G. elata was the highest, indicating that its preservation effect was stronger. Different storage temperatures had different effects on the preservation of G. elata, and the preservation effect was the strongest at 5 ℃. The open reading frame(ORF) of GeGID1 gene was 936 bp in length, and its expression level was significantly down-regulated after 7FGR24 treatment, indicating that 7FGR24 may inhibit the growth of flower buds by inhibiting the gibberellin signal of G. elata, thereby exerting a fresh-keeping effect. Feeding preservative 7FGR24 had no significant effect on the behavior and physiology of mice, indicating that it had no obvious toxicity. This study explored the application of the strigolactone analog 7FGR24 in the storage and preservation of G. elata and preliminarily established a method for the storage and preservation of G. elata, laying a foundation for the molecular mechanism of 7FGR24 in the storage and preservation of G. elata.

Punicalagin alleviates the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in psoriasis through inhibiting SKP2 expression.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by abnormal keratinocytes proliferation and multiple immune cells infiltration in the dermis and epidermis. Although most psoriasis-related researches have been concentrated on the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/interleukin-17 (IL-17) axis, new data suggest that keratinocytes also play a pivotal role in psoriasis. Previously, we found that punicalagin (PUN), a bioactive ellagitannin extracted from Pericarpium Granati (the pericarpium of Punica granatum L.), exerts a therapeutic effect on psoriasis. However, the underlying mechanism, especially its potential modulatory effect on keratinocytes, remains obscure. Our study aims to reveal the potential regulatory effect and its underlying cellular mechanism of PUN on the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. We used tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-17A and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to induce abnormal proliferation of HaCaT cells (Human Keratinocytes Cells) in vitro. Then, we evaluated the effects of PUN through MTT assay, EdU staining and cell cycle detection. Finally, we explored the underlying cellular mechanisms of PUN via RNA-sequencing, WB in vitro and in vivo. Here, we found that PUN can directly and dose-dependently decrease TNF-α, IL-17A and IL-6-induced abnormal proliferation of HaCaT cells in vitro. Mechanically, PUN suppresses the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes through repressing S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) expression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, overexpression of SKP2 can partly abolish PUN-mediated inhibition of aberrantly proliferative keratinocytes. These results illustrate that PUN can reduce the severity of psoriasis through directly repressing SKP2-mediated abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, which gives new insight into the therapeutic mechanism of PUN on psoriasis. Moreover, these findings imply that PUN might be a promising drug candidate for the treatment of psoriasis.

Evaluation of Relationships between Corticospinal Excitability and Somatosensory Deficits in the Acute and Subacute Phases of Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Somatosensory deficits are common symptoms post stroke. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the motor cortex is able to promote motor rehabilitation, whereby its impact on somatosensory functioning remains unknown. This study was designed to evaluate the association between somatosensory deficits and corticospinal excitability following stroke, with the purpose to provide insights on rTMS interventions for the management of somatosensory deficits. METHODS: Somatosensory functioning and corticospinal excitability (motor-evoked potential, MEP; cortical silence period, CSP) were evaluated from a group of sixteen patients with unilateral ischemic stroke in the acute or subacute phase. RESULTS: Results indicated that the uncommon presentation of larger MEPs in ipsilesional vs. contralesional motor cortex was associated with worse somatosensory function compared to those with a smaller MEP in ipsilesional motor cortex. Moreover, increased MEP ratio (ipsilesional vs. contralesional motor cortex) was associated with better somatosensory function in patients with well-preserved somatosensory function. CONCLUSIONS: In well-recovered patients, an increased MEP ratio between the ipsilesional and contralesional motor cortex could be an indicator of improved somatosensory functioning following stroke.

Regenerative plantlets with improved agronomic characteristics caused by anther culture of tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Objective: As the primary means of plant-induced haploid, anther culture is of great significance in quickly obtaining pure lines and significantly shortening the potato breeding cycle. Nevertheless, the methods of anther culture of tetraploid potato were still not well established. Methods: In this study, 16 potato cultivars (lines) were used for anther culture in vitro. The corresponding relation between the different development stages of microspores and the external morphology of buds was investigated. A highly-efficient anther culture system of tetraploid potatoes was established. Results: It was shown in the results that the combined use of 0.5 mg/L 1-Naphthylacetic acid (NAA), 1.0 mg/L 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and 1.0 mg/L Kinetin (KT) was the ideal choice of hormone pairing for anther callus. Ten of the 16 potato cultivars examined could be induced callus with their respective anthers, and the induction rate ranged from 4.44% to 22.67% using this hormone combination. According to the outcome from the orthogonal design experiments of four kinds of appendages, we found that the medium with sucrose (40 g/L), AgNO3 (30 mg/L), activated carbon (3 g/L), potato extract (200 g/L) had a promotive induction effect on the anther callus. In contrast, adding 1 mg/L Zeatin (ZT) effectively facilitated callus differentiation. Conclusion: Finally, 201 anther culture plantlets were differentiated from 10 potato cultivars. Among these, Qingshu 168 and Ningshu 15 had higher efficiency than anther culture. After identification by flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, 10 haploid plantlets (5%), 177 tetraploids (88%), and 14 octoploids (7%) were obtained. Some premium anther-cultured plantlets were further selected by morphological and agronomic comparison. Our findings provide important guidance for potato ploidy breeding.