A new application of retarding field analyzer for the electron and ion temperature measurement on the J-TEXT tokamak.

A new application of retarding field analyzer for the electron and ion temperature measurement (named eiRFA) has been realized on the J-TEXT tokamak. A novel bias arrangement is adopted for the eiRFA to implement the simultaneous measurement of the electron and ion temperatures in the scrape-off layer, as well as the floating potential, plasma space potential, and sheath potential drop coefficient. It shows that the temperatures measured by eiRFA are reasonable and the plasma space potential obtained by two means is in good self-consistent. Moreover, the calculation of electron temperature can be modified using the eiRFA.

Inversion of the haze aerosol sky columnar AVSD in central China by combining multiple ground observation equipment.

Wuhan is the biggest city in China that has been facing an increasingly serious problem of air pollution in the recent years. In order to understand the mechanism of haze formation and diffusion, it is very important to obtain multiple atmospheric parameters. Columnar aerosol volume size distribution (AVSD) is an important atmospheric parameter in this regard, and utilizing CIMEL sun-photometer data to obtain this parameter has become the most popular method. However, currently, the widely used retrieval algorithms cannot be accessed using an open source code, and thus the retrieval of columnar AVSD is still a challenging task.. In this article, we introduce a new method that combines partial least squares (PLS) and genetic algorithm (GA) for the retrieval of columnar AVSD. By using this new method, we could obtain credible results even during hazy periods, despite the fact that our sun-photometer did not participate in the AERONET program and we did not use an official data processing method. First, it was assumed that columnar AVSD obeys the double logarithmic normal distribution function. Second, the relationship between the columnar AVSD and the AVSD on earth's surface was established using the partial least squares (PLS) method. Finally, the initial distribution parameters were adjusted through GA to obtain an optimal solution. This new method can improve the accuracy and reduce the computational difficulties faced in the retrieval of columnar AVSD in the absence of AREONET-based algorithm.

First results on disruption mitigation by massive gas injection in Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research.

Massive gas injection (MGI) system was developed on Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) in 2011 campaign for disruption studies. The MGI valve has a volume of 80 ml and maximum injection pressure of 50 bar, the diameter of valve orifice to vacuum vessel is 18.4 mm, the distance between MGI valve and plasma edge is ~3.4 m. The MGI power supply employs a large capacitor of 1 mF with the maximum voltage of 3 kV, the valve can be opened in less than 0.1 ms, and the amount of MGI can be controlled by the imposed voltage. During KSTAR 2011 campaign, MGI disruptions are carried out by triggering MGI during the flat top of circular and limiter discharges with plasma current 400 kA and magnetic field 2-3.5 T, deuterium injection pressure 39.7 bar, and imposed voltage 1.1-1.4 kV. The results show that MGI could mitigate the heat load and prevent runaway electrons with proper MGI amount, and MGI penetration is deeper under higher amount of MGI or lower magnetic field. However, plasma start-up is difficult after some of D(2) MGI disruptions due to the high deuterium retention and consequently strong outgassing of deuterium in next shot, special effort should be made to get successful plasma start-up after deuterium MGI under the graphite first wall.

Observation of runaway electron beams by visible color camera in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak.

The synchrotron radiation originated from the energetic runaway electrons has been measured by a visible complementary metal oxide semiconductor camera working in the wavelength ranges of 380-750 nm in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak [H. Q. Liu et al., Plasma Phys. Contr. Fusion 49, 995 (2007)]. With a tangential viewing into the plasma in the direction of electron approach on the equatorial plane, the synchrotron radiation from the energetic runaway electrons was measured in full poloidal cross section. The synchrotron radiation diagnostics provides a direct pattern of the runaway beam inside the plasma. The energy and pitch angle of runaway electrons have been obtained according to the synchrotron radiation pattern. A stable shell shape of synchrotron radiation has been observed in a few runaway discharges.

[Role of corticotropin releasing factor receptor 2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide of hypothalamus in hypermetabolism in rats with severe burn].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the role of corticotropin releasing factor receptor 2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (CRFR2ASO) of hypothalamus in hypermetabolism in rats with severe burn. METHODS: Stainless-steel cannula were implanted into the 3rd ventricle. According to different medicine delivered into the 3rd ventricle, 30 SD rats with 30% TBSA full-thickness burn were divided randomly into burn control group (BC, with injection of 3 microL saline), CRFR1ODN group (with injection of CRFR1ODN 10 microg), CRFR1ASO group (with injection of CRFR1ASO 10 microg), CRFR2ODN group(with injection of CRFR2ODN 10 microg), CRFR2ASO group (with injection of CRFR2ASO 10 microg), with 6 rats in each group. Another 6 rats served as normal control (NC) and they received isotonic saline 3 microL instead. Different medicines were respectively delivered into respective group on 5, 6 post injury day (PID), then 3 microL gentian violet was introduced on 7 PID. Resting energy expenditure (REE) value and the expression level of hypothalamus CRFR2mRNA and CRFR2 protein were determined. RESULTS: REE value in BC, CRFR1ODN, CRFR1ASO, CRFR2ODN, CRFR2ASO groups was 11 840 +/- 987, 11 133 +/- 1100, 10 733 +/- 1338, 11 123 +/- 1321, 7563 +/- 890 kJx(m2)(-1)xd(-1), respectively, which were obviously higher than that in BC group [6641 +/- 526 kJx(m2)(-1)xd(-1), P < 0.05]. REE value in CRFR2ASO group was obviously lower than that in CRFR2ODN group (P < 0.01). The expression level of hypothalamus CRFR2 mRNA and its protein in BC group were increased after burn, which were obviously lower in CRFR2ASO group than NC group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Central application of CRFR2ASO can downregulate the expression level of hypothalamus CRFR2 mRNA and its protein, and reduce hypermetabolism. Hypothalamus CRFR2 may mediate hypermetabolism in burn rats.

A comparison study between early enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition in severe burn patients.

This clinical study compares effects between enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition in the early stage of severe burns. Nineteen cases of severe burn patients were divided randomly into total enteral nutrition group (TEN) and total parenteral nutrition group (TPN). Plasma motilin, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), serum gastrin, diamine oxidase (DAO), and urine lactulose/mannitol ratio (L/M) was determined on post burn day (PBD) 1, 4, 8, 14, respectively. The results showed that serum gastrin, plasma motilin, and SOD were significantly higher in TEN than in TPN on PBD4, 8 (p<0.05-0.01). Plasma MDA was obviously lower in TEN than in TPN on PBD4, 8 (p<0.01). Plasma endotoxin was significantly lower in TEN than in TPN on PBD4, 8 (p<0.01). Plasma TNF were significantly lower in TEN than in TPN on PBD4, 8, 14 (p<0.01). The level of serum DAO and urine L/M ratio in TEN was obviously lower than in TPN on PBD4 and 8, respectively (p<0.05-0.01). A positive correlation between L/M and DAO, MDA, TNF (r=0.5822-0.7598, p<0.05-0.01), and a negative correlation between L/M and SOD (r=-0.7771, p<0.01), and a positive correlation between plasma endotoxin and TNF, MDA (r=0.9038 and 0.6705, p<0.05-0.01) were found. These results indicate that enteral nutrition was a more effective route to preserve gastrin secretion and motility of gastrointestinal tract, lower intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury, reduce intestinal permeability, decrease plasma endotoxin and inflammatory mediators, and maintain mucosa barrier function. Whenever gastrointestinal function permits, enteral nutrition was superior to parenteral nutrition early after burn.

[Consistent presentation of medical images based on CPI integration profile].

Because of different display parameters and other factors, digital medical images present different display states in different section offices of a hospital. Based on CPI integration profile of IHE, this paper implements the consistent presentation of medical images, and it is helpful for doctors to carry out medical treatments of teamwork.

[Comparative study on the enteral and parenteral nutrition during early postburn stage in burn patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of early enteral nutrition on the nutritional indices of the burn patients. METHODS: Thirty-seven burn patients were enrolled in the study and were randomly divided into early enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN) groups. The body weight, serum levels of prealbumin and transferrin, the incidence of burn sepsis, and the hospital stay days were surveyed respectively and compared between these two groups. RESULTS: The percentage of body weight loss in EN group was obviously lower than that in PN group on the 7th and 14th post burn day (PBD) (P < 0.05). The serum contents of prealbumin and transferrin in EN group were significantly higher than that in PN group on the 4th, 8th and 14th PBD (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The incidence of burn sepsis in EN group was lower than that in PN group (5.56% vs 31.58%, P < 0.05). The hospital stay days in EN group were less than that in PN group (40.39 +/- 10.81 d vs 54.89 +/- 11.26 d, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Early enteral nutrition is beneficial to the improving of nutrition state of the burn patients, and to the reduction of the incidence of burn sepsis and the hospitalization time.

[The influence of recombinant human growth hormones on the systemic metabolism after severe burn].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of recombinant human growth hormones (rhGH) postburn systemic metabolism. METHODS: Twenty-four burn patients were randomly and equally divided into treatment and control groups. Same amount of rhGH (9 U/d) or isotonic saline was injected subcutaneously to respective patients during 3 approximately 17 postburn days (PBDs). Blood samples were harvested at 3, 10 and 17 PBDs for the determination of serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), serum proteins, plasma insulin, plasma glucagons and blood glucose, which were then compared and analyzed between two the groups. RESULTS: The serum levels of GH, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, serum prealbumin and transferrin in rhGH treatment group were evidently higher than those in control groups at 10 and 17 PBDs (P < 0.05 approximately 0.01). But there was no obvious difference in serum albumin, plasma insulin, glucagon and blood glucose (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Small dose of rhGH could promote systemic protein synthesis with no side effects on blood glucose levels.