[Characteristics and influencing factors of phosphorus adsorption on sediment in Lake Taihu and Lake Hulun].

Lake Taihu and Lake Hulun in southern and northern China were selected for the investigation of differences in the characteristics and influencing factors of phosphorus (P) adsorption on the sediments of these two lakes by laboratory simulation experiment. The results showed that: (1) The P adsorption capacity of sediment in Lake Taihu was much higher than that in Lake Hulun, and the maximum adsorption capability for the sediments in these two lakes was 1428.57 mg x kg(-1) and 56.81 mg x kg(-1), respectively; (2) Compared with the sediments in Lake Hulun, the particle diameters from sediments in Lake Taihu were much smaller, and their specific surface areas were much larger, so their P adsorption capacity were much higher; (3) The equilibrium adsorbed amounts in these two lakes were correlated with the total amounts of Al, Fe, Mn (P < 0.05) and significantly correlated to the contents of active Al, Fe, Si, Mn (P < 0.01). However, there was significant negative correlation between the equilibrium adsorbed amounts and total Si contents for the sediments in these two lakes (P < 0.01); (4) The P adsorption capacity decreased as pH values in the overlying water increased, and the increase of pH values affected the adsorption behavior of phosphorus on the sediments in Lake Taihu much more obviously. Therefore, the characteristics of sediments and the variations of pH values in the overlying water affected the adsorption behavior of P on sediments in lake water body.

[Distribution and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in overlying waters and surface sediments from the Yangtze estuarine and coastal areas].

Polluted levels, temporal and spatial distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in overlying water and surface sediments from nine typical sampling sites in the Yangtze estuarine and coastal areas. The results showed that PAHs concentrations in overlying waters and surface sediments in dry season (1988 ng/L and 1154 ng/g) were both higher than those in flood season (1727 ng/L and 605 ng/g). And phenanthrene (Phe) was dominant among PAH compounds. Temperature was the most important factor that controlled PAHs seasonal variation in overlying waters, while organic carbon and soot carbon influenced PAHs accumulation in surface sediments. Complicated hydrodynamic conditions and pollutant inputs caused by various anthropogenic activities not only affected on PAHs spatial distribution, but also led to complicated sources in the Yangtze estuarine and coastal areas. Ecological risk assessment indicated that PAHs in water-sediment system from the Yangtze estuarine and coastal areas might potentially damage the Yangtze estuary ecosystem to some extent. Some of PAH compounds in overlying waters had exceeded the ecotoxicological assessment standard or EPA National Recommended Water Quality Criteria, and BaP also exceeded the normal concentration of Chinese Environmental Quality Standards for surface water. Some of PAH compounds in surface sediments had exceeded the effects range low (ER-L) levels and ISQV-L values.

[Accumulation characteristics of PGEs in multimedia from road environment].

In order to study accumulation characteristics of PGEs in multimedia from road environment, samples of road dust, roadside soil and plant were collected from five roads in Shanghai, and were analysed by ICP-MS following aqua regia digestion. The results are as following: average concentrations of Rh, Pd and Pt were 24.92, 88.39, 22.28 ng/g in dust, 3.64, 17.45, 0.97 ng/g in soil and 2.66, 6.39, 0.57 ng/g in plant, respectively. The concentrations of PGEs in dust were higher than that in soil and in plant. Meanwhile, PGEs concentrations in plant were lower than that in dust, and closed to that of soil. The implementation of the automobile emission standard only in central city of Shanghai didn't cause obvious correlation between PGEs in multimedia and traffic volume. The plant adsorption capacity for PGEs of road dust showed: Pt > Pd > Rh, while its absorptive capacity for PGEs of soil was: Pd > Rh > Pt. PGEs ratios in multimedia were not completely coincident but in the range of PGEs ratios of road dust in Shanghai, which indicated a common traffic-related source of these metals.

[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons partition in particle-water interface in the Yangtze Estuarine and nearby coastal areas].

Based on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) field data of particle phase and dissolved phase, partition coefficients Kp in particle-water interface from the Yangtze Estuarine and nearby coastal areas were obtained. The results show partition coefficients of PAHs in dry season were higher than those in flood season, and all of them ranged from 507 L/kg to 10,179 L/kg, increasing with the rise of PAH compounds. The linear free-energy relationship coefficients between Koc value and octanol-water partition coefficients Ko, in dry season and flood season were 0.82 and 0.68, respectively. These relationships inferred that suspended particle matters in the Yangtze Estuarine and coastal areas had weakly lipophilic characteristics and adsorption ability. lgKoc values of PAH compounds in the different sampling sites were higher than the upper limit value predicted by the classic equilibrium partition model. The partition processes of PAHs were not controlled by concentrations of suspended particle matters, particle grain sizes, overlying water salinity and dissolved organic carbon ( R2 < 0.1), but influenced by particle organic carbon and heterogeneous mixtures of particle soot carbon. The expanded partition model which included soot partitioning could well predict in situ partition processes of PAH compounds whose octanol-water partition coefficients lgKow was lower than 6.

[Distribution and origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particulate matters from the Yangtze estuarine and nearby coastal areas].

Parent PAHs have been quantified in suspended particulate matters from the Yangtze Estuarine and Coastal Areas. The results show that the concentrations of total PAHs ranged from 2278.79-14293.98 ng/g, and were characterized by greatest content near sewage discharge point with trend to decrease by increasing distance. As for PAHs composition, 4-6 rings PAHs were dominant while 2-3 rings PAHs were relative low. Cluster analysis found that except urban sewage discharge, the hydrodynamic force was influencing PAHs distribution patterns. Moreover, the content of suspended particulate matters, organic carbon and soot carbon of suspended particulate matters also play the important roles in PAHs distribution from the Yangtze estuarine and nearby coastal areas. Principal component analysis and PAH ratios demonstrated that uncompleted combustion of fossil fuels was the main source of PAHs in coastal areas, as well as a few anthropogenic releases of oil and oil products. Ecological risk assessment indicated that most of PAH compounds exceeded the effects range ER-L values and ISQV-L values, which might certain potential damage to the Yangtze Estuary ecosystem.

[Accumulation characteristics of PAHs in multimedia from various urban functional areas].

Taking Shanghai city as an example, the study analyzed the difference of concentration levels in road dust, soil and leaves besides roads. The reasons and mechanisms of the accumulation characteristics were also been discussed. The result shows that, in a same functional area, road dusts and soils accumulated more PAHs while leaves did less, and the concentrations of PAHs in P. orientalis L. leaves were higher than those in Buxus sinica leaves. Total PAHs concentrations in road dust and soil ranged from 8992 ng x g(-1) to 141723 ng x g(-1), averaged in 54964 ng x g(-1), and from 9306 ng x g(-1) to 146689 ng x g(-1), averaged in 56883 ng x g(-1), respectively. Total PAHs concentrations in P. orientalis L. leaves and Buxus sinica leaves varied from 2423 ng x g(-1) to 32883 ng x g(-1), with a mean value of 12983 ng x g(-1), from 1498 ng x g(-1) to 19418 ng x g(-1), with a mean value of 7612 ng x g(-1). Among various functional areas, there were significant differences in PAHs concentrations in road dusts and soils while those in leaves were similarly. PAH homologue concentrations in road dusts and soils had significant difference in various functional areas with the priority of high molecular homologues. However, PAH homologue concentrations in leaves were similarly dominated by low molecular homologues. The accumulation characteristics were closely corresponding with the physicochemical property of PAHs and the main accumulation ways of PAHs in multimedia.

[Effective factors on accumulation and transportation of PAHs in road dust from Shanghai].

The influencing factors on the accumulation and transportation of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in road dust from Shanghai city were systematically discussed. The results showed that grain size was only a minor factor affecting the adsorption of PAHs by urban road dust, and there was no obvious correlation between grain size and PAHs concentrations. TOC (total organic carbons) was significantly correlated with PAHs concentration (r = 0.62, p < 0.0001; r = 0.55, p = 0.002 for winter and summer, respectively), which suggested that for urban road dust, the higher the organic matters were, the stronger the adsorption capacity was. The result was consistent with the hydrophobic characteristic of PAHs theoretically. Wind direction significantly influenced the accumulation and transportation of PAHs in urban road dust. Wind direction could directly affect the spatial distribution of PAHs, which led the leeward was ready to accumulate less PAHs while the windward was likely to accumulate more. In summer, the highest concentration existed in northwest of Shanghai, with a value of 27,766 ng x g(-1), and in winter, the south and east of Shanghai were the most polluted areas, with values of 30,741 ng x g(-1), 32,573 ng x g(-1), respectively. And the "Hollow Effect" was found at urban centre area. Temperature was an important factor affecting the accumulation and transportation of PAHs in urban road dust.

[Seasonal variation and function-area difference of PAHs in road dust from Shanghai urban area].

Seasonal variation and function-area difference of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust from Shanghai centre area were studied, and the probable reasons were also discussed. The result showed that the accumulation level of PAHs varied significantly from winter to summer, namely, and the concentrations of total PAHs and the homologues in winter were higher than that in summer. Total PAH concentrations (t-PAH) in winter samples ranged from 9176 to 32,573 ng x g(-1), with a mean value of 20,648 ng x g(-1), whereas they varied from 6875 to 27,766 ng x g(-1) in summer, with an average of 14098 ng x g(-1). The individual PAHs composition ranged from 50 (acenaphthylene) to 3162 (indeno (1,2,3,-cd) pyrene) ng x g(-1) in winter, and 3 (acenaphthene) to 1485 (indeno(1,2,3,-cd) pyrene) ng x g(-1) in summer. The results exhibited that the levels showed a great rise from summer to winter. The difference of PAHs concentrations in road dust from functional areas were also obvious, that is, in winter, PAHs concentrations in road dust at industrial area (ID), commercial area (CO) and traffic area (TR) were much higher than those in other areas, with t-PAH mean concentration of 31 163, 24 932 and 18 815 ng x g(-1) resepectively, while city park (CP) and public lawn (PL) had the lowest level (7885, 8036 ng x g(-1)). In summer, the lowest concentration (7942 ng x g(-1)) appeared in CP, however, TR, ID and CO were the most polluted areas, with t-PAH mean concentration of 14,528, 14,247 and 11,523 ng x g(-1), respectively. The concentration of PAH homologues raised gradually with the ring number or molecular weight. Seasonal variation and function-area difference of PAHs in road dust from urban area correlated with both their sources and their physical and chemical characteristics.

[Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in suspended particulate matters from the Yangtze estuarine and coastal areas].

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in suspended particulate matters (SPMs) from the Yangtze estuary and coastal areas were determined with GC-ECD. The results show that concentrations of PCBs range from 2.5 - 51.5 ng/g, with an average of 13.2 ng/g. PCBs concentrations are higher in SPMs than in surface sediments at most of sampling stations. It was also found that the distribution of PCBs had no significant relationship with grain size and organic matter. In addition, the congeners of PCBs were characterized by less chlorinated compounds, with 2 - 5CB accounting for 74.9% - 100% except at Donghai site, and 2CB was dominant among the congeners of PCBs in all samples, which maybe be related to the history of production and use for PCBs in China. But it was different from the surface sediments that dominated by 3CB, which showed that there was new inputs recently. Compared with the concentration levels of PCBs at other estuarine and coastal areas, it was shown that there existed a moderate level of contamination in the study area.

[Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in animals from the Yangtze River Estuary and coastal areas].

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the animals of the Yangtze estuarine and coastal areas were determined with GC-ECD. The results showed that the concentration distribution of PCBs ranged from 43.7 to 1260.4 ng/g, with an average value of 342.5 ng/g; 1.5-159.4 ng/g and 33.7 ng/g for DDTs; 0.9-77.0 ng/g and 13.0 ng/g for HCHs. The spatial distribution patterns of different contaminants in the same animal species and the same pollutant in the different animal species didn't follow obvious laws. Whereas, animals of the same species were characterized by higher contamination levels for males than females, and the small individuals than large ones. Compared with other areas at home and abroad and low-high level limits, a preliminary assessment was presented. As a result, it was shown that there existed a moderate level, to some extent, with the contamination in the animals from the study area.