Spatial distribution and influencing factors of China's household biogas: evidence from provincial-level data.

To address the adjustment of the Chinese agricultural industry and to better promote the development of Chinese household biogas, this article summarizes and analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of the type and number of biogas digesters, biogas production, biogas fermentation materials, and methods of fermentation residue utilization and ecological agriculture with household biogas by compiling a dataset covering 31 provincial administrative regions in China. The results show that hydraulic biogas digesters are distributed mainly in northwestern and northeastern China; in addition, continuously stirred biogas digesters and bottom-discharging biogas digesters are distributed mainly in southern and northern China, respectively. Because of temperature and population, the Sichuan and Henan Provinces have the highest number of biogas digesters and biogas production. The type of biogas fermentation materials depends on the local raw materials. Biogas slurry and residue are widely used as fertilizers; furthermore, biogas slurry is used for seed soaking in northeastern and southern China, and biogas residue is used as feed in central southern and northern China. The "Three-in-one" and "Four-in-one" biogas ecological models are used mostly in southern and northern China, respectively, and both are mainly affected by temperature. Finally, we propose various problems and countermeasures to enhance the development of the household biogas industry in China. Our findings are critical for China's policymakers to adopt effective measures for promoting the development of cleaner energy and the layout of the agricultural industry.

[Effects of Icariin promotion on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Icariin (ICA) on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: An enzymatic digestion block was used in vitro to culture hPDLSCs, which were separated and purified by limited dilution cloning. The hPDLSCs were identified using cell-surface markers and cocultured with 1 x 10(-7) mol.L-1 ICA solution. The proliferation ability of these cells was determined by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. After staining with alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteogenesis was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Osteoblast-related genes were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Alizarin red staining was performed to measure the level of calcium deposition. The hPDLSCs were cocultured with 1 x 10(-7) mol.L-1 ICA and nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds in vivo before transplantation into subcutaneous tissues of nude mice. Osteogenic abilities were histochemically analyzed after 30 days of induction. RESULTS: The hPDLSCs were affected by 1 x 10(-7) mol.L-1 ICA, and MTT assay showed that the proliferation of the groups treated with ICA in vitro was better than that of the control groups on the second day. The ALP activity of the treated hPDLSCs was significantly enhanced after cell culture for 3, 5, and 7 days. The gene expression of osteoblastic markers was also significantly enhanced after 7 days. The deposition of mineralization after incubation with 1 x 10(-7) mol.L-1 ICA increased compared with the control after cell culture for 14, 21, and 28 days. Furthermore, the bone expression of the treatment groups in vivo was significantly enhanced compared with that of the control groups. CONCLUSION: Treatment with 1 x 10(-7) mol.L-1 ICA can significantly promote proliferation and differentiation of hPDLSCs in vitro and in vivo. ICA can effectively function as a bioactive growth factor in periodontal tissue engineering to replace traditional growth factors.

[The capacity of proliferation and migration is higher in Tca8113 cells with up-regulated TNFSF14 expression].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a lentiviral vector carrying tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14 (TNFSF14) gene, infect tongue cancer Tca8113 cells in vitro, and observe the effect on infected Tca8113 cells. METHODS: A lentiviral vector containing TNFSF14 gene was constructed and used to infect the Tca8113 cells. After selected by puromycin, the level of TNFSF14 mRNA in Tca8113 cells was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Cell proliferation activity and cell circle were determined respectively by MTT assay and flow cytometry (FCM). And the cell migration ability was measured by Transwell(TM) assay. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the expression of TNFSF14 mRNA increased in the infected cells. MTT assay and FCM showed TNFSF14 promoted the proliferation of Tca8113 cells. Transwell™ assay showed TNFSF14 boosted the migration ability of Tca8113 cells. CONCLUSION: The proliferation and migration would be enhanced in Tca8113 cells with over-expressed TNFSF14.

Effects of Naringin on Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells In Vitro and In Vivo.

This study is to explore the osteogenesis potential of the human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) induced by naringin in vitro and in vitro. The results confirmed that 1 µM naringin performs the best effect and a collection of bone-related genes (RUNX2, COL1A2, OPN, and OCN) had significantly higher expression levels compared to the control group. Furthermore, a typical trabecular structure was observed in vivo, surrounded by a large amount of osteoblasts. These results demonstrated that naringin, at a concentration of 1 µM, can efficiently promote the proliferation and differentiation of hPDLSCs both in vitro and in vivo.

Effects of ginsenoside Rg-1 on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of ginsenoside Rg-1 on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and to explore the possible application on the alveolar bone regeneration. METHODS: To determine the optimum concentration, the effects of ginsenoside Rg-1 ranging from 10 to 100 µmol/L were evaluated by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide, alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition. Expressions of runt-related transcription factor 2, collagen alpha-2(I) chain, osteopontin, osteocalcin protein were examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, a certain concentration (10 µmol/L) of the Rg-1 solution significantly enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs (P<0.05). However, concentrations that exceeds 100 µmol/L led to cytotoxicity whereas concentrations below 10 nmol/L showed no significant effect as compared with the control. CONCLUSION: Ginsenoside Rg-1 can enhance the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs at an optimal concentration of 10 µmol/L.