An indole diterpenoid isolated from the fungus Drechmeria sp. and its antimicrobial activity.

One new indole diterpenoid, drechmerin I (1), was isolated from the fermentation broth of Drechmeria sp. isolated from the root of Panax notoginseng. Its structure was elucidated based on 1 D and 2 D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrum (HRESIMS), and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopic analyses as well as TD DFT calculations of ECD spectra. Drechmerin I (1) was assayed for its antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, B. subtillis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia, respectively. Drechmerin I (1) showed antimicrobial activities against B. subtillis with an MIC value of 200 µg/mL. The interaction of S. aureus peptide deformylase with drechmerin I (1) was investigated by molecular docking.

Drechmerin H, a novel 1(2), 2(18)-diseco indole diterpenoid from the fungus Drechmeria sp. as a natural agonist of human pregnane X receptor.

A novel 1(2), 2(18)-diseco indole diterpenoid, drechmerin H (1), was isolated from the fermentation broth of Drechmeria sp. together with a new indole diterpenoid, 2'-epi terpendole A (3), and a known analogue, terpendole A (2). Their structures were determined by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, ECD, and X-ray single crystal diffraction analyses as well as quantum chemical calculation. The abosulte configuration of terpendole A (2) was determined for the first time. Compound 1 displayed the significant agonistic effect on pregnane X receptor (PXR) with EC50 value of 134.91 ±â€¯2.01 nM, and its interaction with PXR was investigated by molecular docking. Meantime, a plausible biosynthetic pathway for compounds 1-3 is also discussed in the present work.

Psiguajadials A-K: Unusual Psidium Meroterpenoids as Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors from the Leaves of Psidium guajava.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Psidium guajava led to the isolation of 11 new Psidium meroterpenoids, psiguajadials A-K (1-11), along with 17 known ones (12-28). Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and comparison of experimental and calculated ECD. Compounds 1 and 2 represent two unprecedented skeletons of 3,5-diformyl-benzyl phloroglucinol-coupled sesquiterpenoid, while 3 is the first example of Psidium meroterpenoids coupling via an oxepane ring. Putative biosynthetic pathways towards 1 and 2 are proposed. Compounds 1-13 and 16-26 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), a drug target for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with IC50 values in the range of 1.34-7.26 µM.

Aristoyunnolin H attenuates extracellular matrix secretion in cardiac fibroblasts by inhibiting calcium influx.

Aristoyunnolin H is a novel aristophyllene sesquiterpenoid isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Aristolochia yunnanensis Franch. The present research was designed to explore the anti-fibrotic effects of aristoyunnolin H in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) stimulated with angiotensin II (Ang II). Western blot analysis data showed that aristoyunnolin H reduced the upregulation of fibronectin (FN), connective tissue growth factor and collagen I(Col I) production induced by Ang II in CFs. By studying the dynamic intracellular changes of Ca2+, we further found that while aristoyunnolin H relieved the calcium influx, it has no effect on intracellular calcium store release. Meanwhile, aristoyunnolin H also inhibited the Ang II-stimulated phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. In conclusion, aristoyunnolin H may attenuate extracellular matrix secretion in vitro by inhibiting Ang II-induced calcium signaling.

Neolignans from Aristolochia fordiana Prevent Oxidative Stress-Induced Neuronal Death through Maintaining the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in HT22 Cells.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of the stems of Aristolochia fordiana led to the isolation of six new dihydrobenzofuran neolignans (1-3 and 7-9), three new 2-aryldihydrobenzofurans (4-6), a new 8-O-4' neolignan (10), and 14 known analogues (11-24). The structures of compounds 1-10 were established by spectroscopic methods, and their absolute configurations were determined by analyses of the specific rotation and electronic circular dichroism data. The neuroprotective effects of compounds 1-24 against glutamate-induced cell death were tested in hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22. Compounds 17 and 20-24 exhibited moderate neuroprotective activity by increasing the endogenous antioxidant defense system. In addition, the neolignans activated the Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2) pathway, resulting in the increase of the expression of endogenous antioxidant protein HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1). The active compounds also preserved the levels of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 (B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2), which was decreased by glutamate. Collectively, these results suggested that the active neolignans protect neurons against glutamate-induced cell death through maintaining the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway as well as preserving the Bcl-2 protein and might be promising novel beneficial agents for oxidative stress-associated diseases.

(±)-Torreyunlignans A-D, rare 8-9' linked neolignan enantiomers as phosphodiesterase-9A inhibitors from Torreya yunnanensis.

(±)-Torreyunlignans A-D (1a/1b-4a/4b), four pairs of new 8-9' linked neolignan enantiomers featuring a rare (E)-2-styryl-1,3-dioxane moiety, were isolated from the trunk of Torreya yunnanensis. The structures were determined by combined spectroscopic and chemical methods, and the absolute configurations were elucidated by ECD calculations. The compounds were screened by using tritium-labeled adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate ([(3)H]-cGMP) as a substrate for inhibitory affinities against phosphodiesterase-9A (PDE9A), which is a potential target for the treatment of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. All of the enantiomers exhibited inhibition against PDE9A with IC50 values ranging from 5.6 to 15.0 µM. This is the first report of PDE9A inhibitors from nature.

Determination of the absolute configuration of two pairs of C-8 - C-9' linked neolignan enantiomers.

Two pairs of new neolignan enantiomers, (±)-torreyayunan A (1a/1b) and (±)-torreyayunan B (2a/2b), featuring a rare C-8 - C-9' linked skeleton, were isolated from leaves and twigs of Torreya yunnanensis. Their absolute configuration involving two chiral centers was determined by combined spectral and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation. This is the first report of the absolute configuration of this group of neolignans.

Prostaglandin Derivatives: Nonaromatic Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors from the Soft Coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi.

Ten new prostaglandin derivatives (PGs), sarcoehrendins A-J (1-10), together with five known analogues (11-15) were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi. Compounds 4-8 represented the first examples of PGs featuring an 18-ketone group. The structures including the absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. All of the isolates and six synthetic analogues (3a, 3b, 4a, and 11a-11c) were screened for inhibitory activity against phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), which is a drug target for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Compounds 2, 10, 11a, 11b, and 13-15 exhibited inhibition with IC50 values less than 10 µM, and compound 15 (IC50 = 1.4 µM) showed comparable activity to the positive control rolipram (IC50 = 0.60 µM). The active natural PGs (2, 10, and 13-15) represent the first examples of PDE4 inhibitors without an aromatic moiety, and a preliminary structure-activity relationship is also proposed.

Prenylated coumarins: natural phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors from Toddalia asiatica.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Toddalia asiatica led to the isolation of seven new prenylated coumarins (1-7) and 14 known analogues (8-21). The structures of 1-7 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, and their absolute configurations were determined by combined chemical methods and chiral separation analysis. Compounds 1-5, named toddalin A, 3‴-O-demethyltoddalin A, and toddalins B-D, represent an unusual group of phenylpropenoic acid-coupled prenylated coumarins. Compounds 1-21 and four modified analogues, 10a, 11a, 13a, and 17a, were screened by using tritium-labeled adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate ([3H]-cAMP) as substrate for their inhibitory activity against phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), which is a drug target for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Compounds 3, 8, 10, 10a, 11, 11a, 12, 13, 17, and 21 exhibited inhibition with IC50 values less than 10 µM. Toddacoumalone (8), the most active compound (IC50=0.14 µM), was more active than the positive control, rolipram (IC50=0.59 µM). In addition, the structure-activity relationship and possible inhibitory mechanism of the active compounds are also discussed.

Determination of the absolute stereochemistry of two new aristophyllene sesquiterpenes: a combined theoretical and experimental investigation.

Aristoyunnolins G (1) and H (2), two new diastereoisomeric sesquiterpenes featuring a rare aristophyllene skeleton, were isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Aristolochia yunnanensis. Their absolute stereochemistry involving three chiral centers was determined by combined chemical, spectral, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation methods.

Bioactive polyhydroxylated sterols from the marine sponge Haliclona crassiloba.

Four new polyhydroxylated sterols, named halicrasterols A-D (1-4), together with six known analogs (5-10) were isolated from the marine sponge Haliclona crassiloba. Compounds 1 and 2 represented rare examples of steroids featuring 17(20)E-double bonds. The structures of 1-10 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with reported data. This is the first report of a steroid profile for this species. The antimicrobial activities of 1-10 were evaluated against a panel of bacterial and fungal strains in vitro, and compounds 4 and 9 showed moderate activity against some of the Gram-positive strains with MICs ranging from 4 to 32 µg/mL.

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) inhibitors from Aristolochia yunnanensis.

Six new sesquiterpenoids, aristoyunnolins A-F (1-6), an artifact of isolation [7-O-ethyl madolin W (7)], and 12 known analogues were isolated from stems of Aristolochia yunnanensis. The structures were determined by combined chemical and spectral methods, and the absolute configurations of compounds 2, 3, 5-7, 9, 14, and 17 were determined by the modified Mosher's method and CD analysis. Compounds 1-19 were screened using a bioassay system designed to evaluate the effect on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways. Among three MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, and p38), compounds 1, 4, 10-13, 16, 18, and 19 exhibited selective inhibition of the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Compounds 16 and 19 were more active than the positive control PD98059, a known inhibitor of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.

Unusual 9,19 : 24,32-dicyclotetracyclic triterpenoids from Lygodium japonicum.

Lygodipenoids A (1) and B (2), two novel C33 tetracyclic triterpenoids with a new 9,19 : 24,32-dicyclopropane skeleton, were isolated from the whole grass of Lygodium japonicum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical means. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested in transfected cultured human embryonic kidney 293 HEK293 cells for an agonist assay, and compound 1 was identified as a partial agonist for liver X receptor α.