[The altitude chamber flights as a method of the psychophysiologic training of pilots against stress situations].

The study of literature and aviation incidents during the depressurization of the aircraft cabin in the altitude higher than 12 km. Shows that their serious outcomes are often connected with wrong evaluation of the emergency situation by pilots, making incorrect decision and carrying out inadequate actions. In order to improve psychophysiologic training for stratosphere flights and to increase their safety the authors suggest approbated methods of periodic altitude chamber flights of flying personnel to the altitude of 13.5 km., imitating the stress situation during the depressurization of the cabin and enabling to form adequate algorithm of pilots' behaviour in these conditions.

[Trends in providing the medical support for safety of high altitude flights]. / Aktual'nye napravleniia sovershenstvovaniia meditsinskogo obespecheniia bezopasnosti vysotnykh poletov.

The article has analyzed the main development and improvement stages of medical support of high-altitude flight safety. Test results of a full-scale model of the on-board active flight-safety system [symbol: see text]-2 have been given. There have been formulated prospective trends of further studies of the complex system development of crew-life support, widespread use of computer-aided technologies, as well as practical introduction of rehabilitating hypoxy-based trainings in order to increase in the pilot organism functional reserves.

[Predictive information of basic indices of biochemical status of a man in evaluating the tolerance to acute hypoxia]. / Prognosticheskaia informativnost iskhodnykh pokazatelei biokhimicheskogo statusa cheloveka v otsenke perenosimosti ostroi gipoksicheskoi gipoksii.

Under simulation of acute hypoxic hypoxia with participating the volunteers (men) there has been studied the predictor significance of the biochemical indices characterising an intensity of lipoperoxidation process, hormonal status and level of fermentemia. It is indicated that the following indices, namely, LDH, a [symbol: see text]-DPDH, MPD, secondary products of POL, SOD, insulin, cAMP and cAMP/cGMP have the prognostic validity. The revealed combination of the reliable relations was approximated by the equations of one-factor regression. As this takes place, the analysis of the presented dependencies between tolerance for hypoxia and biochemical indices allowed one to recognize the most probable mechanisms of resistance to the effect of this factor. The performed discrimination analysis for 6 biochemical variables (cAMP, LDH, SOD, MPO, MDA, TC) made it possible to create discriminant equations and to formulate the decisive rules to class the individuals into the ranks with different tolerance to the oxygen deficiency. The high informative capacity of the mentioned approach is recommended by the authors for a more wide use when developed the expert system to evaluate the human functional state as applied to the effect of extreme environmental factors and activity.

[History of solving medical problems of safety provisions of altitude flights]. / K istorii resheniia meditsinskikh problem obespecheniia bezopasnosti vysotnykh poletov.

The paper outlines the basic landmarks of the activity of the workers of the RF State Research Test Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine who have solved the problems of altitude flight safety provision, designed various sets of oxygen and altitude equipment. The main results of the investigations made by the Altitude Department of the Institute are summed up and some promising directions of its workers' activities are shown.

[Pharmacological correction of lipid peroxidation during hypoxia and possibility to enhance human resistance to high altitude by using preparations of the metabolic type of action]. / Farmakologicheskaia korrektsiia protsessa lipoperoksidatsii pri gipoksii i vozmozhnost' povysheniia vysotnoi ustoichivosti cheloveka s pomoshch'iu preparatov metabolicheskogo tipa deistviia.

In simulating acute hypoxic hypoxia with the participation of male volunteers, the authors investigated the antihypoxic and antioxidative activity of metabolic drugs (jakton, amtizole succinate, nootropil, probucol, and a mixture which consists of jakton, amtizole succinate, and probucol). The pharmaceuticals were shown to have heterodirectional effects on lipid peroxidative processes. Drugs having a pronounced antioxidative activity (such as probucol and the mixture) promotes oxygen utilization during hypoxia and posthypoxic reoxygenation chiefly by the oxygenase pathway. This rearrangement of oxygen utilization processes caused an increase in human high-altitude resistance. The use of the above drugs is a promising trend in the development of an adaptative response to hypoxia in persons engaged in hazardous jobs.

[Biochemical evaluation of various respiration conditions during simulation of extended flight]. / Biokhimicheskaia otsenka razlichnykh rezhimov dykhaniia v usloviiakh modelirovaniia dlitel'nogo poleta.

During a simulated long-term mission with participation of male volunteers biochemical effects of various conditions of oxygen supply including breathing the cabin air at 2.4 km, pure oxygen, and intermittent hypoxia/hyperoxia, i.e. breathing the cabin air for 50 min and pure O2 for 10 min every hour in flight were studied. This assessment of respiration conditions by biochemical criteria allowed to recognize the combination of short hyperoxia and cabin air as the optimum to be taken into accounted in attacking the problem of oxygen supply of aviators in extended flights.

[Maintenance of vitality and performance of pilots by means of oxygenation equipment complex in emergency depressurization of the cabin]. / Obespechenie zhiznedeiatel'nosti i rabotosposobnosti letchika s pomoshch'iu komplekta KKO-15 v usloviiakh avariinoi razgermetizatsii kabiny samoleta.

The authors studied efficiency of life supply by means of Oxygenation Equipment Complex (OEC) for pilots subjected to depressurization of the cabin in emergency on altitudes under 20 km. OEC provides breathing under the excessive oxygen pressure and light-weight ammunition. Efficiency of the complex was evaluated through polling the examinees, the time of the discomfort occurrence, changes of the cardiorespiratory and visual parameters, functional tests and quality of the piloting. The studies proved OEC to be effective means for saving the life and the performance maintaining when the depressurization of the cabin on altitudes under 20 km. The authors estimated "reserve time" for the pilot's performance maintaining within the altitudes of 14-16-18-20 km and revealed the factors delimiting efficiency of OEC in the studied conditions.

[Familiarization drills with barochamber ascents for flight personnel as an element in their psychophysiological training for high-altitude flights]. / Oznakomitel'no-trenirovochnye barokamernye pod''emy letnogo sostava kak élement psikhofiziologicheskoi podgotvki k vysotnym poletam.

A new method of altitude chamber climbs of flight personnel (for familiarization and training) has been worked out. The aim of this method is to form among aircrew members the skills to recognize hypoxia in flight and to train them in taking practical measures to remove it. This method appeared to be informative: hypoxia awareness was registered after 3-9 minutes of staying at an altitude of 5000-6000 m in 93% of tested persons. The time necessary to carry out such a familiarization climb in an altitude chamber in comparison with a high-altitude test is 2.5-3 times shorter. This method is safe for pilot's health, practicable in the conditions of any military air unit and flying school, and can also be used for the examination of flying personnel health and functional status of their organism.

[The possibility for the pilot to recognize hypoxia in a high-altitude flight]. / O vozmozhnosti raspoznavaniia letchikom gipoksii v vysotnom polete.

The article studies the possibility of man to self-diagnose the development of hypoxia and take decisive actions on its elimination with the help of flight living facilities. Four variants of hypoxia were modeled at hyperbaric chamber and flight simulator. The differences between these four variants were the following: strength, increase velocity and duration of hypoxia, the level of "notification" about the oxygen conditions for tested persons. The authors make a conclusion that man is capable of discovering hypoxia both at rest and active operating state, that gives the possibility to take an adequate decision on coming out from critical situation caused by hypoxia.

[Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygenation as a factor of increasing the resistance of the human body to space flight conditions]. / Effektivnost' giperbaricheskoi oksigenatsii kak sredstva povysheniia ustoichivosti organizma cheloveka k vozdeistviiu faktorov poleta.

In four experimental runs (30 test subjects in 407 tests), the beneficial effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) on flight tolerance was demonstrated. HBO sessions (7-8 sessions of an hour in duration during 10-12 days at pO2 = 2 atm) helped subjects with poor altitude tolerance to increase the altitude ceiling by 1 km and reserve time at altitudes of 6-7 km by 3-4 min, the effect being persistent for 2-3 months. Statokinetic tolerance of subjects with medium motion sickness susceptibility grew by 2-2.5 times after the above HBO sessions. As compared to regular rest, the HBO treatment shortened two-fold the period of recovery of the health state and work capacity of operators, which went down during flight, and increased 15-20% the time of repeated work prior to failure in a stressful environment.

[Effectiveness of oxygen equipment as a means of the life support system during space flights]. / Effektivnost' komplektov kislorodnogo oborudovaniia kak sredstva zhizneobespecheniia v stratosfernykh poletakh.

This paper presents pooled data about the factors determining health status and work capacity of aircrew using positive pressure breathing systems at altitudes over 12,000 m. It is indicated that the system compensating positive pressure is primarily responsible for the protective and ergonomic characteristics of altitude equipment.