[Influence of occupational factors on the bone and joint functional state in the upper extremities and cervical spine in female workers of clothing manufacture].

The studies using multiple X-ray methods covered influence of complex containing working process and occupational environment factors on locomotory apparatus of upper limbs and cervical spine in female seamers engaged into various productions. Comparative analysis involved results of regular (standard X-ray) and special X-ray methods (stereoroentgenography, high definition roentgenography, roentgen densitometry, roentgenogrammetry) in 370 examinees with early and moderate clinical symptoms of occupationally mediated diseases of the stated areas. X-ray studies of locomotory apparatus of upper limbs and cervical spine in clothing manufacture workers, with special diagnostic methods, enabled to determine incidence and severity of functional and structural changes more reliably than via standard examination. The changes revealed were assigned mostly in "early" and "moderate" categories and matched with occupational peculiarities of the workers examined.

[Physical essence of erythrocytic sedimentation rate in the gravitation field of the earth].

The erythrocytic sedimentation rate method has been long known in medicine and extensively used in laboratory practice in tuberculosis facilities. However, many authors note that the erythrocytic sedimentation rate phenomenon has not clearly understood. By applying the total theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, the author discloses the physical essence of erythrocytic sedimentation in the gravitation field of the Earth.

[Use of stereoscopic vision for analysis of digital X-ray images of lungs].

The fundamental principles of digital stereoroentgenography are considered. A special adapter to digital X-ray diagnostic apparatus used to obtain X-ray stereoscopic pairs and Stumpf stereoscopic binoculars for analysis of stereoscopic photographs are described. Specific features of the stereoscopic model of lungs and an exemplary clinical case are considered.

[Problems of organization of antituberculosis prophylaxis in rural areas of the Russian Federation].

Possibility of use of mobile fluorographic rooms based on KAMAZ trucks for mass-scale prophylactic examinations of rural population of the Russian Federation is discussed. The mobile rooms are equipped with digital fluorographic systems. A list of the main medical and performance characteristics of these systems is presented. An example of equipment location in a mobile room is given.

[Today's high-resolution digital X-ray study in the detection and diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis].

The radiation technique is the only method for timely identification of pulmonary tuberculosis, and there has been no alternative to it so far. The authors provide convincing evidence for this, by conducting 720 test trials on an AMTsR-1 small-dose high-resolution (3.2 to 5 pairs of lines per mm) digital X-ray apparatus made in Russia. For space resolution, the obtained digital X-ray images are equal to full-format film radiographs, which allows one not only to reveal, but also diagnose tuberculosis and other diseases of the lung. Such forms of tuberculosis, as focal (9%), infiltrative (15%), tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes in the phase of infiltration (7%), fibrocavernous tuberculosis (19%) could be detected and diagnosed at the state of digital X-ray study of the lung in 100% of cases without circumstantiating linear and computed tomography. Computed tomography is indispensable to the diagnosis of tuberculosis of intrathoracic lymph nodes, bronchus, the types of disseminated tuberculosis, and bronchopleural fistulas.

[Test object for monitoring the spatial resolving ability and contrast sensitivity of X-ray diagnostic equipment]. / Test-ob''ekt dlia kontrolia prostranstvennoi razreshaiushchei sposobnosti i kontrastnoi chuvstvitel'nosti rentgenodiagnosticheskikh apparatov.

The present paper deals with the theory and practice of controlling the measuring and deciphering properties of X-ray image. It describes the design and methods for using the original test object intended for an objective assessment of the spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity of X-ray apparatuses.

[Measuring and decoding the capabilities of digital radiographic images]. / Izmeritel'nye i deshifrovochnye vozmozhnosti tsifrovogo rentgenovskogo izobrazheniia.

The paper deals with the theory and practice of digital X-ray diagnosis. The adverse factors of formation of a digital X-ray film are considered. They included geometric and dynamic blurrinesses, blurriness of an image receiver, and the contrast and dynamic range of digital image. Analysis of a great deal of clinical data shows the capacities of digital X-ray study to diagnose different forms of pulmonary tuberculosis and other thoracic diseases.

[Equipment and technology for taking digital X-ray fluorographic films]. / Tekhnika i tekhnologiia polucheniia tsifrovykh rentgenofliuorograficheskikh snimkov.

The paper deals with X-ray photogrammetry. It presents designs of different types of currently available digital X-ray fluographic apparatuses, their technical data and operating characteristics. Whether these apparatuses can be used for stereo X-ray photogrammetric survey is assessed.

[Experience in using a Renex-Fluoro digital fluorograph in tuberculosis control service in Novomoskovsk]. / Opyt ispol'zovaniia tsifrovogo fliuorografa "Reneks-fliuoro" v protivotuberkuleznoi sluzhbe Novomoskovska.

The paper outlines the design of a Russian Renex-Fluoro small-dose digital fluorograph and its operating principle. The capacities of digital fluorography in the diagnosis of different forms of pulmonary tuberculosis are considered. The data of a comparative statistical analysis of the diagnostic informative value of digital and film fluorography are given.

[Control of the main radiation parameters of a gamma teletherapy apparatus]. / Kontrol' osnovnykh radiatsionnykh parametrov distantsionnogo gamma-terapevticheskogo apparata.

In radiotherapy a dosimetric method is used nowadays to control the magnitude of the radiation axis deviation from the isocenter (RL) of a gamma-beam therapeutic apparatus (gamma BTA). However, the use of the method requires special costly equipment. Besides, it is fairly laborious. The dosimetric method does not permit the measurement of the distance between the isocentre and the virtual source (DISvirt) A gamma-metric method of the RL and DISvirt control in the gamma BTA is described. It is based on the photogammametric treatment of a gamma-picture of a special test object. The method is marked by high accuracy and safety. In addition, the gamma BTA can also be used in operation of accelerating therapeutic units.

[The status of and outlook for preventive fluorography in the RSFSR]. / Sostoianie i perspektivy profilakticheskoi fliuorografii v RSFSR.

Fluorography is now the basic method for active detection of tuberculosis and other diseases of the thoracic organs and its detection amounts to 65% of active tuberculosis patients. There has been a tendency to decrease the number of individuals undergoing prophylactic fluorographic examination in the past 3-4 years, which is due to diverse reasons which can be united into 3 main groups. Recommendations are given on the differentiated rate of fluorographic examinations in relation to the incidence rates and socioeconomic conditions of a region. Factors are presented, which form the basis for forming population groups at a high risk for tuberculosis. Data are given on the development of a fluoromobile and a low-dose fluorograph of new design in the USSR, which provides high-grade fluorograms at a radiation load per patient 10 times less than the routine fluorographs.

[Specialized equipment for stereophlebography]. / Spetsial'naia apparatura dlia stereoflebografii.

The authors describe a complex of equipment for radiodiagnosis of varicose veins of the lower limbs and for planning vascular operations. The complex is fitted out with an automatic stereocasette made in the form of an attachment to a standard radiodiagnostic system and a stereoscope for visual analysis of the stereophlebograms. The design and applications of the equipment are reviewed.

[X-ray test objects with self-adjusting scales]. / Rentgenovskie test-ob'ekty s samoustanablilaiushchimisia shkalami.

The paper concerns the measuring test objects fitted out with adjustable scales which are used during testoscopic stereoroentgenogrammetric exposure. The design and technique of using such outfits are under consideration.

[Fluorographic equipment for examining the populations of regions not easily accessible]. / Fliuorograficheskaia apparatura dlia obsledovaniia naseleniia trudnodostupnykh raionov.

The article describes the design of the experimental prototypes of the lightened portable collapsible photoroentgenograph and mobile photoroentgenograph on the basis of the automobile with a higher cross country travel capacity, uAz-452-A, equipped with the chamber PK-110 (GDR). The test results showed that the above photoroentgenographs are convenient and effective for the prophylactic medical examination of the population in the not easily accessible regions.

[A set of special devices made of polymer INPOLIN material for the treatment of cavernous tuberculosis]. / Nabor spetsial'nykh izdelii iz polimernykh materialov INPOLIN dlia lecheniia kavernoznogo tuberkuleza.

The kit INPOLIN is intended for the local therapy of a tuberculosis cavern by spraying its walls with the powdery medicinal preparation. The kit includes a trochar for the cavern puncture, a device for the long-term fixation of the trochar tube in the cavern, a superchanging device with a spray and catheters. INPOLIN is intended for one course of treatment. The article describes the design of the instruments, their technical characteristics and the methods of using them.

[Planning of computerized tomography using an X-ray stereogrammetry method]. / Planirovanie vychislitel'noi tomografii s pomoshch'iu s tereorentgenogrammetricheskogo metoda.

X-ray stereogrammetry is used to derive the geometry of optimum body section. Principles and methodology of a trial-and-error technique for X-ray stereogrammetric survey are analysed. Calculations of the optimum slice for one of the clinical situations are presented along with experimental results obtained with a computed tomograph.