Morphological and chemical composition of particulate matter in buses exhaust.

This research article investigates the particulate matter originated from the exhaust emissions of 20 bus models, within the territory of Vladivostok, Russian Federation. The majority of evaluated buses (17 out of 20) had emissions of large particles with sizes greater than 400 µm, which account for more than 80% of all measured particles. The analysis of the elemental composition showed that the exhaust emissions contained Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, with the concentration of Zn prevailing in all samples by two to three orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations of the other elements.

Morphologic and chemical composition of particulate matter in motorcycle engine exhaust.

Despite the fact that environmental pollution due to motorcycle exhaust gases reports a great increase, motorcycle production exhibits a great increase through the last years. Countries of Asia and Africa are reported to be the major regions where two-wheeled vehicles are a major transportation mode, with tens of millions of units sold per year. Motorcycle exhaust particles are considered to be the major contributor to environmental pollution due to their airborne dispersion, containing great amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aims at reporting an objective analysis of the main sources of the ambient air pollution as also particle size distribution and chemical composition analysis of particulate matter originated from the exhausts of two-wheeled vehicles used in the territory of Vladivostok, Russia. Various types of two-wheeled vehicles were examined (motorcycles, ATVs, scooters and wet bikes) using different types of engine and fuel system. Experimental results showed that there was no clear relation to the particle size distribution with the engine displacement of motorcycle and the number of strokes and the fuel system. Instead, there were reported two clear assumptions. The first one is that regarding to the motorcycle brand, a few samples did not exhibit a great percentage of PM10 fraction. The second one is that more modern vehicles, that have a harmful gas afterburning system, are usually the source of an increased percentage of PM10 emitted particles. At last, it should be mentioned that the laser particle size analysis method is capable of determining the particle sizes after their agglomeration whereas the optical morphometry method allows to determine the real particle size of emissions. In conclusion, it can be pointed out that the agglomeration of particles can lead to the reduction in the toxicity of particles emissions originated from two wheeled-vehicles.

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over MOF-supported cobalt catalysts (Co@MIL-53(Al)).

Novel nanohybrid materials were prepared by immobilizing Co nanoparticles on a microporous framework MIL-53(Al) as a porous host matrix. The synthesized cobalt-containing materials were characterized by XRD, STEM, and oxygen titration. The catalytic performance of Co@MIL-53(Al) nanohybrids was examined in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) for the first time. A higher selectivity to C5+ hydrocarbons and lower selectivity to methane for Co@MIL-53(Al) as compared to conventional Co/Al2O3 were observed.

Statistics of Gaussian packets on metric and decorated graphs.

We study a semiclassical asymptotics of the Cauchy problem for a time-dependent Schrödinger equation on metric and decorated graphs with a localized initial function. A decorated graph is a topological space obtained from a graph via replacing vertices with smooth Riemannian manifolds. The main term of an asymptotic solution at an arbitrary finite time is a sum of Gaussian packets and generalized Gaussian packets (localized near a certain set of codimension one). We study the number of packets as time tends to infinity. We prove that under certain assumptions this number grows in time as a polynomial and packets fill the graph uniformly. We discuss a simple example of the opposite situation: in this case, a numerical experiment shows a subexponential growth.

2-(4-Chloro-benzo-yl)-1-(diamino-methyl-ene)hydrazinium chloride monohydrate.

In the cation of the title compound, C(8)H(10)ClN(4)O(+)·Cl(-)·H(2)O, the guanidinium group is planar (maximum deviation = 0.0001 Å) and nearly perpendicular to carboxamide group, making a dihedral angle of 87.0 (3)°. The N atoms of the guanidine fragment have a planar trigonal configuration and the N atom of the carboxamide group adopts a pyramidal configuration. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular N-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the cations, anions and water mol-ecules into layers parallel to the bc plane.

3,5-Diamino-1-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolium bromide.

The title salt, C(8)H(10)N(5) (+)·Br(-), crystallizes with two independent structural units in the asymmetric unit. The two independent cations have different conformations, the triazole and phenyl rings forming dihedral angles of 32.57 (6) and 52.27 (7)°. In both cations, the amino groups are planar (the sum of the angles at the N atom of each amino group is 360°) and conjugated with the triazole ring. Inter-molecular N-H⋯N and N-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds consolidate the crystal packing.

N-[(E)-Morpholin-4-yl-methyl-idene]-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diamine monohydrate.

In the title compound, C(13)H(16)N(6)O·H(2)O, the mean planes of the benzene and 1,2,4-triazole rings form a dihedral angle of 54.80 (5)°. The N atom of the amino group adopts a trigonal-pyramidal configuration. Conjugation in the amidine N=C-N fragment results in sufficient shortening of the formal single bond. In the crystal, inter-molecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link mol-ecules into double layers parallel to the bc plane.

[Central lymphodissection in carcinoma of the thyroid gland].

Experience with central lymphodissection (CLD) was analyzed in 93 patients with primary thyroid cancer (pT1-4aN0-1a). Prophylactic central lymphodissection was fulfilled in 48 patients, therapeutic CLD in 45 patients. The size and spread of the primary thyroid tumor had no difference in both groups of patients. In patients of the 2nd group thyroidectomy was fulfilled more often (71.1%) than in the 1st group (58.3%).The frequency of postoperative transitory hypoparathyroidism after surgery on the thyroid gland and therapeutic CLD made up 13.3%. There were no recurrent metastases of cancer after CLD fulfilled during the last 3.5 years. All cancer metastases in the postoperative period were detected in lymph nodes of the neck (2-5 levels) and their prevalence was 8.9%.

[Anesthetic management and surgical technique in treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism].

320 patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome) were operated on. All patients had primary adrenal aldosteromas. Authors conclude that only about 10% of such patients require a long-term preoperative preparation with spironolactons, antihypertensive and potassium. The choice of general anesthetics and muscle relaxants does not influence the course of anesthesia, time of artificial lung ventilation and extubation. Authors emphasize that traditional and laparoscopic aldosteromectomy should not be opposed. A mini-invasive approach through the partly resected XI rib was used in 320 patients with neither postoperative major complications, nor lethality.

[Treatment of hydatid echinococcosis of liver].

Experience of surgical treatment of 373 patients with echinococcosis of liver is analyzed. Traditional surgeries were performed in 342 patients. Postoperative lethality was 1.46%, number of specific postoperative complications -- 12.5%. In long-term period recurrence was revealed in 18 (6.8%) of 264 examined patients. In 9 years after surgery residual cavities were diagnosed in 33 (9.64%) patients. Recovery was achieved in 93% patients. Experience of treatment of 31 patients with echinococcosis of liver with puncture methods (PAIR, PEVAC) was also analyzed. There were no lethal outcomes, severe complications and recurrences of disease during 2 years of follow-up. It is concluded that puncture method may be regarded as alternative for traditional surgical treatment, but it require further study.

[Treatment of injuries and scar strictures of extrahepatic bile ducts]. / Lechenie povrezhdenii i rubtsovykh striktur vnepechenochnykh zhelchnykh protokov.

Results of treatment of 118 patients with trauma of bile ducts during cholecystectomy are analyzed. Rate of this complication ranges from 0.25 to 0.68%. Reconstructive surgeries on bile ducts were performed in 111 of 118 patients. Non-drainage variant of reconstruction of bile ducts was used only in 18 patients. Hepaticojejunostomy on removable transhepatic drainage was performed in the majority of cases. It is demonstrated that reconstructive surgeries on bile ducts must be performed early after trauma, just after arrest of bile peritonitis and other purulent complications. The best long-term results were achieved in patients who underwent reconstruction of bile ducts just after diagnosis of their iatrogenic injury on operation table. Postoperative lethality was 8.5%. Good long-term results were achieved in 81.4% patients. Repeated surgeries due to recurrences of bile ducts strictures were performed in 11.9% patients with good short-term results.

a+0 (980)-resonance production in pp-->dK+K-0 reactions close to threshold.

The reaction pp-->dK+K(-)0 has been investigated at an excess energy of Q=46 MeV above the K+K(-)0 threshold with ANKE at the cooler synchrotron COSY-Jülich. From the detected coincident dK(+) pairs, about 1000 events with a missing K(-)0 were identified, corresponding to a total cross section of sigma(pp-->dK+K(-)0)=[38+/-2(stat)+/-14(syst)] nb. Invariant-mass and angular distributions have been jointly analyzed and reveal s-wave dominance between the two kaons, accompanied by a p wave between the deuteron and the kaon system. This is interpreted in terms of a(+)0 (980)-resonance production.

Intermolecular -CH(3)...O(2)N-- contacts in two polymorphic modifications of (1E)-N'-[(E)-2-cyano-1-(dimethylamino)-2-nitrovinyl]-N,N-dimethylethanimidamide.

The title compound was synthesized and isolated in two crystal modifications. The structure of the orthorhombic modification was determined by the X-ray powder diffraction method and the structure of the monoclinic modification was determined using the X-ray single-crystal diffraction technique. The molecules in both polymorphs are E,E isomers. Intermolecular H(3)C....NO(2) contacts and their role in the formation of the polymorphic modifications are analyzed.

Peculiarities of the development of analgesic effect during transcutaneous dynamic electrical stimulation.

The effect of transcutaneous dynamic electrical neurostimulation on the development of analgesia was studied in behavioral and electrophysiological experiments on rats. A 30-min dynamic electrical stimulation elevated the nociception threshold in tail-flick and hot plate tests, increased the threshold of the late nociceptive flexor reflex, and decreased the number of bursts in the response. Intraperitoneal injection of naloxone (2 mg/kg) abolished the analgesic effect of dynamic electrical neurostimulation. It is concluded that the key role in reflex analgesia during dynamic electrical neurostimulation is played by the endogenous cerebral opioid system, which inhibits the nociceptive signals traveling to CNS via unmyelinated C-fiber afferents.

["Small" tumors of the adrenal glands. Disputable points of a surgical technique]. / "Malye" opykholi nadpochechnikov. Spornye voprosy tekhniki operatsii.

Experience of 249 surgeries for "small" tumors of the adrenal glands whose (3-4 cm in size maximum) are analyzed. In 212 patients a small extracavitary approach through the bed of rib XI was used, in 12--thoracophrenolumbotomy through the tenth intercost. Endoscopic technology of removal of "small" adrenal tumors with transperitoneal approach was used in 25 patients. Advantages and shortcomings of "open" and endoscopic surgeries are analyzed. It is concluded that non-traumatic extracavitary approach with resection of rib XI or endoscopic technology are best for removal of "small" adrenal tumors. Small experience of endoscopic adrenalectomies doesn't permit to judge definitely about the advantage of this surgery compared with small extracavitary approach.

Powder diffraction study of the hydrogen bonds in nitroxoline and its hydrochloride.

The crystal structures of 8-hydroxy-5-nitroquinoline, C9H6N2O3, (I), and 8-hydroxy-5-nitroquinolinium chloride, C9H7N2O3+*Cl-, (II), have been determined from X-ray powder data. In (I), the molecules are linked via moderately strong hydrogen bonds to form dimers. Such a packing motif is likely to be responsible for the low solubility of (I) in water. In (II), the inversion-related cations form stacks, and anions fill the interstack channels.

Thermal isomerization pathway of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-phenylimino-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrido[3,2-b]indole-3-carbonitrile discovered by laboratory powder data.

The evidence for thermal isomerization of the title compound, C(24)H(15)N(5)O(2), into 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)phenylamino]-5H-pyrido[3,2-b]indole-3-carbonitrile has been obtained as a consequence of crystal structure determinations from laboratory powder data.

Sodium 4-(2-pyridinyldiazenyl)resorcinolate monohydrate and ammonium 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthalenolate from powder diffraction data.

The crystal structures of two dyestuffs, Na(+).C(11)H(8)N(3)O(2)(-).H(2)O, (I), and NH(4)(+).C(10)H(5)N(2)O(5)(-), (II), were determined from X-ray powder diffraction data. In both structures, translationally related anions form stacks, and cations fill interstack channels. A comparison of the diffuse reflectance spectra of crystalline (I) and (II) with the absorption spectra of their aqueous solutions demonstrates that the geometry of their anions does not change significantly upon transfer from the crystalline to the solution state.

4-(Phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-amine and its hydrochloride.

The crystal structures of 4-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-amine, C(16)H(13)N(3), (I), and its hydrochloride, (4-aminonaphthalen-1-yl)phenyldiazenium chloride, C(16)H(14)N(3)(+) x Cl(-), (II), have been determined from X-ray single-crystal and powder data, respectively. The effect of the crystal environment on the molecular electronic structure was analysed on the AM1 level. One of the two symmetry-independent molecules in (I) is involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonding, so that its dipole moment is twice as large as that of the other molecule. The cations in (II) form stacks along [100], with the Cl(-) anions forming hydrogen bonds to all three H atoms attached to N atoms.