The Role of Arthroscopy in Painful Shoulder Arthroplasty: Is Revision Always Necessary?

PURPOSE: To determine whether arthroscopy is an effective means to diagnose and treat postoperative pain in anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse TSA patients. METHODS: A 2-year retrospective chart review of patients with a painful shoulder arthroplasty was performed. Patients included in the study had a painful shoulder after previous shoulder arthroplasty without gross signs of infection, severely elevated laboratory markers, implant loosening, or glenoid arthrosis after hemiarthroplasty. Visual analog scale scores, physical examination findings, laboratory studies, culture results, pathology reports, operative records, and postoperative treatment data were collected. RESULTS: The study cohort included 6 male and 7 female patients. Between 2016 and 2018, 7 TSA and 6 reverse TSA patients underwent arthroscopic debridement of adhesions and synovitis with tissue biopsy for cultures and fresh-frozen sections. We arthroscopically treated adhesive capsulitis, subacromial impingement, and acromioclavicular joint arthritis in 3 patients. Three patients required extensive debridement for profound synovitis. All 6 patients had negative findings of cultures and frozen sections, and none required revision arthroplasty. Their average follow-up period was 18.6 months (range, 9-32 months), with improvement in the mean visual analog scale score from 8.2 of 10 (range, 6-10) to 2.5 of 10 (range, 2-8). Two patients had arthroscopic cultures showing Cutibacterium acnes infection. Both required revision with an antibiotic spacer. Findings of cultures and fresh-frozen sections at revision were consistent with arthroscopic findings. Arthroscopic evaluation in 5 additional patients identified mechanical implant failure or a rotator cuff tear. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopy is a viable option to evaluate and treat painful shoulder arthroplasty. We were able to successfully treat 46% of patients (6 of 13) with arthroscopic procedures, preventing the need for revision arthroplasty. Arthroscopic frozen section and culture results had a 100% correlation with open frozen section and culture results in patients who had cultures obtained. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.