RESUMO
The study evaluated the changes in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Oolong tea samples at each heat treatment stage of the manufacturing process, different post-treatment methods and different brewing conditions. The content of PAHs in the tea leaves was significantly increased during stir fixation (280 °C for 8 min) stage of the manufacturing process. In the subsequent heat treatment process, the PAHs content did not change much until the Oolong tea product (primary) was further roasted. The level of PAHs increased with the roasting time. Charcoal roasting resulted in higher PAHs content in the product compared with electric roasting. Higher brewing temperature caused higher level of PAHs released into the tea infusion. The level of released PAHs decreased with the increase of the number of tea brewing (the total released PAHs was about 4%). The risk assessment results for PAHs in the tea infusions showed a low level of health concern.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análise , Chá/química , União Europeia , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos/métodos , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Medição de Risco/métodos , Taiwan , TemperaturaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In recent years, considerable effort has been devoted to identifying genes that contribute to the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Genetic factors can be used to identify individuals who have additional genetic risks. Genetic variations might contribute to cardiovascular disease differentially in men and women. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) may be involved in the development of atherosclerotic diseases. OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between genetic variations of DPP-4 in men and women with CAD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this case-control study, blood samples of patients with angiographically documented CAD and of those without CAD were collected. We focused on the DPP-4 gene (rs7608798 and rs3788979 polymorphisms) to assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of CAD. RESULTS: We identified 1 SNP (rs3788979) that was significantly related to angiographic CAD in women (odds ratio (OR) = 2.437; p = 0.019). Moreover, the SNP (rs7608798) seemed to have a protective effect (OR = 0.291; p = 0.032). We did not find an association between CAD risk factors and DPP-4 polymorphisms. Our study is the first to demonstrate that CAD pathogenesis is influenced by gender differences in polymorphisms in the DPP-4 gene. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new information on the association of DPP-4 polymorphisms with the risk of CAD in the Taiwanese population, especially in women. Further studies should be performed to verify this association.
Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/genética , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Fatores de Risco , Caracteres SexuaisAssuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana/enzimologia , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Variação Genética , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9/genética , Idoso , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Estudos de Associação Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genéticaRESUMO
The wastewaters generated from wood pulping and paper production processes are traditionally treated by biological and physicochemical processes. In order to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color to meet increasingly strict discharge standards, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are being adapted as polishing treatment units. Various ozone-based processes were used in this study to treat simulated wastewaters prepared from black liquor from a hardwood Kraft pulp mill in Taiwan. The experimental results showed that the COD and color were primarily removed by direct ozone oxidation and activated carbon adsorption. While the addition of activated carbon could enhance the COD and color removal during ozonation, the addition of hydrogen peroxide improved the color removal only. For the various ozone-based treatment processes, kinetic models were developed to satisfactorily predict the COD and color removal rates. According to the kinetic parameters obtained from the various ozone-based processes, the enhanced COD and color removal of ozonation in the presence of activated carbon was attributed to the regeneration of the activated carbon by ozonation. These kinetic models can be used for reactor design and process design to treat pulping wastewater using ozone-based processes.
