A Soft Hand Exoskeleton With a Novel Tendon Layout to Improve Stable Wearing in Grasping Assistance.

We present a novel soft exoskeleton providing active support for hand closing and opening. The main novelty is a different tendon routing, folded laterally on both sides of the hand, and adding clenching forces when the exoskeleton is activated. It improves the stability of the glove, diminishing slippage and detachment of tendons from the hand palm toward the grasping workspace. The clenching effect is released when the hand is relaxed, thus enhancing the user's comfort. The alternative routing allowed embedding a single actuator on the hand dorsum, resulting more compact with no remote cable transmission. Enhanced adaptation to the hand is introduced by the modular design of the soft polymer open rings. FEM simulations were performed to understand the interaction between soft modules and fingers. Different experiments assessed the desired effect of the proposed routing in terms of stability and deformation of the glove, evaluated the inter-finger compliance for non-cylindrical grasping, and characterized the output grasping force. Experiments with subjects explored the grasping performance of the soft exoskeleton with different hand sizes. A preliminary evaluation with Spinal Cord Injury patients was useful to highlight the strengths and limitations of the device when applied to the target scenario.

A Mechanical Hand-Tracking System With Tactile Feedback Designed for Telemanipulation.

In this paper, we present a mechanical hand-tracking system with tactile feedback designed for fine manipulation in teleoperation scenarios. Alternative tracking methods based on artificial vision and data gloves have become an asset for virtual reality interaction. Yet, occlusions, lack of precision, and the absence of effective haptic feedback beyond vibrotactile still appear as a limit for teleoperation applications. In this work, we propose a methodology to design a linkage mechanism for hand pose tracking purposes, preserving complete finger mobility. Presentation of the method is followed by design and implementation of a working prototype, and by evaluation of the tracking accuracy using optical markers. Moreover, a teleoperation experiment involving a dexterous robotic arm and hand was proposed to ten participants. It investigated the effectiveness and repeatability of the hand tracking with combined haptic feedback during a proposed pick and place manipulation tasks.

A soft, synergy-based robotic glove for grasping assistance.

This paper presents a soft, tendon-driven, robotic glove designed to augment grasp capability and provide rehabilitation assistance for postspinal cord injury patients. The basis of the design is an underactuation approach utilizing postural synergies of the hand to support a large variety of grasps with a single actuator. The glove is lightweight, easy to don, and generates sufficient hand closing force to assist with activities of daily living. Device efficiency was examined through a characterization of the power transmission elements, and output force production was observed to be linear in both cylindrical and pinch grasp configurations. We further show that, as a result of the synergy-inspired actuation strategy, the glove only slightly alters the distribution of forces across the fingers, compared to a natural, unassisted grasping pattern. Finally, a preliminary case study was conducted using a participant suffering from an incomplete spinal cord injury (C7). It was found that through the use of the glove, the participant was able to achieve a 50% performance improvement (from four to six blocks) in a standard Box and Block test.

Compact Series Visco-Elastic Joint (SVEJ) for Smooth Torque Control.

The design and control of a new series-viscous-elastic joint are presented. The proposed joint consists of 3D printed parts compressing nonlinear elastic silicone springs. The use of silicone springs is the main novelty of the system; they exhibit internal damping, which enhances system performance allowing a simpler and more stable control. Their stiffness allows the system to bear a torque of about 4.5 Nm at a deformation angle of about 20 degrees. In this article, the system is modeled using the Neo-Hookean material model and then characterized through experiments to build the joint torque estimator. A proportional torque controller is implemented to evaluate bandwidth, transparency, impedance rendering, and stability, obtaining satisfactory results. The bandwidth ranges from 6.9 to 9.9 Hz depending on chirp input torque amplitude, as the system is nonlinear. The proposed solution is compact and cheap; both the design and the torque controller are suitable for future integration in an exoskeleton, or a cooperative robot, or a haptic device. SVEJ works as a torque sensor and introduces compliance between the motor and the environment, enhancing safety for robotic devices interacting with humans.

An Assistive Soft Wrist Exosuit for Flexion Movements With an Ergonomic Reinforced Glove.

Soft exosuits are a promising solution for the assistance and augmentation of human motor abilities in the industrial field, where the use of more symbiotic wearable robots can avoid excessive worker fatigue and improve the quality of the work. One of the challenges in the design of soft exosuits is the choice of the right amount of softness to balance load transfer, ergonomics, and weight. This article presents a cable-driven based soft wrist exosuit for flexion assistance with the use of an ergonomic reinforced glove. The flexible and highly compliant three-dimensional (3D)-printed plastic structure that is sewn on the glove allows an optimal force transfer from the remotely located motor to the wrist articulation and to preserve a high level of comfort for the user during assistance. The device is shown to reduce fatigue and the muscular effort required for holding and lifting loads in healthy subjects for weights up to 3 kg.

On the edge between soft and rigid: an assistive shoulder exoskeleton with hyper-redundant kinematics.

In this paper, we present a prototype of an innovative portable shoulder exoskeleton for human assistance and augmentation. The device provides torques to flexion/extension movements of the shoulder, compensating for gravitational forces, and is passively compliant along the remaining degrees of freedom letting the shoulder moving along them. The novelty of our system is a flexible link, made of a hyper-redundant passive structure, that avoids joint misalignment by adapting to the complex movements of the humerus head, similarly to a soft component. The flexible link is compliant to rotations around one axis but rigid around the other two axes, allowing transmission of flexion/extension torque but kinematically transparent along the remaining degrees of freedom. The device is light weight and allows to cover around the 82% of the shoulder flexion/extension range of motion. The exoskeleton was tested on a cohort of 5 healthy subjects, monitoring shoulder kinematics, interaction forces and acquiring the electromyography of three major muscles contributing to shoulder flexion. During both static postures and dynamic movements, assistance from the exoskeleton resulted in a significant reduction of muscular effort in the anterior (-32.2% in static, -25.3% in dynamic) and medial deltoid (56.9% in static, -49.6% in dynamic) and an average reduction of the biceps brachii.

Physiological and kinematic effects of a soft exosuit on arm movements.

BACKGROUND: Soft wearable robots (exosuits), being lightweight, ergonomic and low power-demanding, are attractive for a variety of applications, ranging from strength augmentation in industrial scenarios, to medical assistance for people with motor impairments. Understanding how these devices affect the physiology and mechanics of human movements is fundamental for quantifying their benefits and drawbacks, assessing their suitability for different applications and guiding a continuous design refinement. METHODS: We present a novel wearable exosuit for assistance/augmentation of the elbow and introduce a controller that compensates for gravitational forces acting on the limb while allowing the suit to cooperatively move with its wearer. Eight healthy subjects wore the exosuit and performed elbow movements in two conditions: with assistance from the device (powered) and without assistance (unpowered). The test included a dynamic task, to evaluate the impact of the assistance on the kinematics and dynamics of human movement, and an isometric task, to assess its influence on the onset of muscular fatigue. RESULTS: Powered movements showed a low but significant degradation in accuracy and smoothness when compared to the unpowered ones. The degradation in kinematics was accompanied by an average reduction of 59.20±5.58% (mean ± standard error) of the biological torque and 64.8±7.66% drop in muscular effort when the exosuit assisted its wearer. Furthermore, an analysis of the electromyographic signals of the biceps brachii during the isometric task revealed that the exosuit delays the onset of muscular fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: The study examined the effects of an exosuit on the characteristics of human movements. The suit supports most of the power needed to move and reduces the effort that the subject needs to exert to counteract gravity in a static posture, delaying the onset of muscular fatigue. We interpret the decline in kinematic performance as a technical limitation of the current device. This work suggests that a powered exosuit can be a good candidate for industrial and clinical applications, where task efficiency and hardware transparency are paramount.