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1.
Nat Genet ; 55(7): 1149-1163, 2023 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37386251

RESUMO

Hereditary congenital facial paresis type 1 (HCFP1) is an autosomal dominant disorder of absent or limited facial movement that maps to chromosome 3q21-q22 and is hypothesized to result from facial branchial motor neuron (FBMN) maldevelopment. In the present study, we report that HCFP1 results from heterozygous duplications within a neuron-specific GATA2 regulatory region that includes two enhancers and one silencer, and from noncoding single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the silencer. Some SNVs impair binding of NR2F1 to the silencer in vitro and in vivo and attenuate in vivo enhancer reporter expression in FBMNs. Gata2 and its effector Gata3 are essential for inner-ear efferent neuron (IEE) but not FBMN development. A humanized HCFP1 mouse model extends Gata2 expression, favors the formation of IEEs over FBMNs and is rescued by conditional loss of Gata3. These findings highlight the importance of temporal gene regulation in development and of noncoding variation in rare mendelian disease.


Assuntos
Paralisia Facial , Animais , Camundongos , Paralisia Facial/genética , Paralisia Facial/congênito , Paralisia Facial/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição GATA2/genética , Fator de Transcrição GATA2/metabolismo , Neurônios Motores/metabolismo , Neurogênese , Neurônios Eferentes
2.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 116(22): 10883-10888, 2019 05 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31076557

RESUMO

We integrate comeasured gene expression and DNA methylation (DNAme) in 265 human skeletal muscle biopsies from the FUSION study with >7 million genetic variants and eight physiological traits: height, waist, weight, waist-hip ratio, body mass index, fasting serum insulin, fasting plasma glucose, and type 2 diabetes. We find hundreds of genes and DNAme sites associated with fasting insulin, waist, and body mass index, as well as thousands of DNAme sites associated with gene expression (eQTM). We find that controlling for heterogeneity in tissue/muscle fiber type reduces the number of physiological trait associations, and that long-range eQTMs (>1 Mb) are reduced when controlling for tissue/muscle fiber type or latent factors. We map genetic regulators (quantitative trait loci; QTLs) of expression (eQTLs) and DNAme (mQTLs). Using Mendelian randomization (MR) and mediation techniques, we leverage these genetic maps to predict 213 causal relationships between expression and DNAme, approximately two-thirds of which predict methylation to causally influence expression. We use MR to integrate FUSION mQTLs, FUSION eQTLs, and GTEx eQTLs for 48 tissues with genetic associations for 534 diseases and quantitative traits. We identify hundreds of genes and thousands of DNAme sites that may drive the reported disease/quantitative trait genetic associations. We identify 300 gene expression MR associations that are present in both FUSION and GTEx skeletal muscle and that show stronger evidence of MR association in skeletal muscle than other tissues, which may partially reflect differences in power across tissues. As one example, we find that increased RXRA muscle expression may decrease lean tissue mass.


Assuntos
Metilação de DNA/genética , Expressão Gênica/genética , Músculo Esquelético , Glicemia/análise , Pesos e Medidas Corporais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Genômica/métodos , Humanos , Insulina/análise , Músculo Esquelético/química , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética
3.
Blood ; 133(26): 2753-2764, 2019 06 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31064750

RESUMO

Patients with classic hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder (HVLPD) typically have high levels of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in T cells and/or natural killer (NK) cells in blood and skin lesions induced by sun exposure that are infiltrated with EBV-infected lymphocytes. HVLPD is very rare in the United States and Europe but more common in Asia and South America. The disease can progress to a systemic form that may result in fatal lymphoma. We report our 11-year experience with 16 HVLPD patients from the United States and England and found that whites were less likely to develop systemic EBV disease (1/10) than nonwhites (5/6). All (10/10) of the white patients were generally in good health at last follow-up, while two-thirds (4/6) of the nonwhite patients required hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Nonwhite patients had later age of onset of HVLPD than white patients (median age, 8 vs 5 years) and higher levels of EBV DNA (median, 1 515 000 vs 250 000 copies/ml) and more often had low numbers of NK cells (83% vs 50% of patients) and T-cell clones in the blood (83% vs 30% of patients). RNA-sequencing analysis of an HVLPD skin lesion in a white patient compared with his normal skin showed increased expression of interferon-γ and chemokines that attract T cells and NK cells. Thus, white patients with HVLPD were less likely to have systemic disease with EBV and had a much better prognosis than nonwhite patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00369421 and #NCT00032513.


Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/patologia , Hidroa Vaciniforme/virologia , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/patologia , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/virologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/etnologia , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Transtornos Linfoproliferativos/etnologia , Masculino , População Branca
4.
Cell Rep ; 26(3): 788-801.e6, 2019 01 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30650367

RESUMO

EndoC-ßH1 is emerging as a critical human ß cell model to study the genetic and environmental etiologies of ß cell (dys)function and diabetes. Comprehensive knowledge of its molecular landscape is lacking, yet required, for effective use of this model. Here, we report chromosomal (spectral karyotyping), genetic (genotyping), epigenomic (ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq), chromatin interaction (Hi-C and Pol2 ChIA-PET), and transcriptomic (RNA-seq and miRNA-seq) maps of EndoC-ßH1. Analyses of these maps define known (e.g., PDX1 and ISL1) and putative (e.g., PCSK1 and mir-375) ß cell-specific transcriptional cis-regulatory networks and identify allelic effects on cis-regulatory element use. Importantly, comparison with maps generated in primary human islets and/or ß cells indicates preservation of chromatin looping but also highlights chromosomal aberrations and fetal genomic signatures in EndoC-ßH1. Together, these maps, and a web application we created for their exploration, provide important tools for the design of experiments to probe and manipulate the genetic programs governing ß cell identity and (dys)function in diabetes.


Assuntos
Redes Reguladoras de Genes/genética , Células Secretoras de Insulina/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Humanos
5.
BMC Genomics ; 19(1): 390, 2018 May 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29792182

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Bisulfite sequencing is widely employed to study the role of DNA methylation in disease; however, the data suffer from biases due to coverage depth variability. Imputation of methylation values at low-coverage sites may mitigate these biases while also identifying important genomic features associated with predictive power. RESULTS: Here we describe BoostMe, a method for imputing low-quality DNA methylation estimates within whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) data. BoostMe uses a gradient boosting algorithm, XGBoost, and leverages information from multiple samples for prediction. We find that BoostMe outperforms existing algorithms in speed and accuracy when applied to WGBS of human tissues. Furthermore, we show that imputation improves concordance between WGBS and the MethylationEPIC array at low WGBS depth, suggesting improved WGBS accuracy after imputation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the use of BoostMe as a preprocessing step for WGBS analysis.


Assuntos
Biologia Computacional/métodos , Metilação de DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfitos/farmacologia , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Algoritmos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos
6.
PLoS One ; 13(4): e0195788, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29659628

RESUMO

From whole organisms to individual cells, responses to environmental conditions are influenced by genetic makeup, where the effect of genetic variation on a trait depends on the environmental context. RNA-sequencing quantifies gene expression as a molecular trait, and is capable of capturing both genetic and environmental effects. In this study, we explore opportunities of using allele-specific expression (ASE) to discover cis-acting genotype-environment interactions (GxE)-genetic effects on gene expression that depend on an environmental condition. Treating 17 common, clinical traits as approximations of the cellular environment of 267 skeletal muscle biopsies, we identify 10 candidate environmental response expression quantitative trait loci (reQTLs) across 6 traits (12 unique gene-environment trait pairs; 10% FDR per trait) including sex, systolic blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although using ASE is in principle a promising approach to detect GxE effects, replication of such signals can be challenging as validation requires harmonization of environmental traits across cohorts and a sufficient sampling of heterozygotes for a transcribed SNP. Comprehensive discovery and replication will require large human transcriptome datasets, or the integration of multiple transcribed SNPs, coupled with standardized clinical phenotyping.


Assuntos
Microambiente Celular , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Variação Genética , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Estudos de Associação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Músculo Esquelético/citologia , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Locos de Características Quantitativas
7.
Hum Mol Genet ; 27(9): 1664-1674, 2018 05 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29481666

RESUMO

Comprehensive metabolite profiling captures many highly heritable traits, including amino acid levels, which are potentially sensitive biomarkers for disease pathogenesis. To better understand the contribution of genetic variation to amino acid levels, we performed single variant and gene-based tests of association between nine serum amino acids (alanine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine) and 16.6 million genotyped and imputed variants in 8545 non-diabetic Finnish men from the METabolic Syndrome In Men (METSIM) study with replication in Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC1966). We identified five novel loci associated with amino acid levels (P = < 5×10-8): LOC157273/PPP1R3B with glycine (rs9987289, P = 2.3×10-26); ZFHX3 (chr16:73326579, minor allele frequency (MAF) = 0.42%, P = 3.6×10-9), LIPC (rs10468017, P = 1.5×10-8), and WWOX (rs9937914, P = 3.8×10-8) with alanine; and TRIB1 with tyrosine (rs28601761, P = 8×10-9). Gene-based tests identified two novel genes harboring missense variants of MAF <1% that show aggregate association with amino acid levels: PYCR1 with glycine (Pgene = 1.5×10-6) and BCAT2 with valine (Pgene = 7.4×10-7); neither gene was implicated by single variant association tests. These findings are among the first applications of gene-based tests to identify new loci for amino acid levels. In addition to the seven novel gene associations, we identified five independent signals at established amino acid loci, including two rare variant signals at GLDC (rs138640017, MAF=0.95%, Pconditional = 5.8×10-40) with glycine levels and HAL (rs141635447, MAF = 0.46%, Pconditional = 9.4×10-11) with histidine levels. Examination of all single variant association results in our data revealed a strong inverse relationship between effect size and MAF (Ptrend<0.001). These novel signals provide further insight into the molecular mechanisms of amino acid metabolism and potentially, their perturbations in disease.


Assuntos
Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Finlândia , Frequência do Gene/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
9.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 115(2): 379-384, 2018 01 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29279374

RESUMO

A major challenge in evaluating the contribution of rare variants to complex disease is identifying enough copies of the rare alleles to permit informative statistical analysis. To investigate the contribution of rare variants to the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related traits, we performed deep whole-genome analysis of 1,034 members of 20 large Mexican-American families with high prevalence of T2D. If rare variants of large effect accounted for much of the diabetes risk in these families, our experiment was powered to detect association. Using gene expression data on 21,677 transcripts for 643 pedigree members, we identified evidence for large-effect rare-variant cis-expression quantitative trait loci that could not be detected in population studies, validating our approach. However, we did not identify any rare variants of large effect associated with T2D, or the related traits of fasting glucose and insulin, suggesting that large-effect rare variants account for only a modest fraction of the genetic risk of these traits in this sample of families. Reliable identification of large-effect rare variants will require larger samples of extended pedigrees or different study designs that further enrich for such variants.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Variação Genética , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Saúde da Família , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Predisposição Genética para Doença/etnologia , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma/métodos
10.
Mol Genet Genomic Med ; 6(1): 77-91, 2018 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29193904

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare disorder characterized by congenital malformations, progressive bone marrow failure, and predisposition to cancer. Patients harboring X-linked FANCB pathogenic variants usually present with severe congenital malformations resembling VACTERL syndrome with hydrocephalus. METHODS: We employed the diepoxybutane (DEB) test for FA diagnosis, arrayCGH for detection of duplication, targeted capture and next-gen sequencing for defining the duplication breakpoint, PacBio sequencing of full-length FANCB aberrant transcript, FANCD2 ubiquitination and foci formation assays for the evaluation of FANCB protein function by viral transduction of FANCB-null cells with lentiviral FANCB WT and mutant expression constructs, and droplet digital PCR for quantitation of the duplication in the genomic DNA and cDNA. RESULTS: We describe here an FA-B patient with a mild phenotype. The DEB diagnostic test for FA revealed somatic mosaicism. We identified a 9154 bp intragenic duplication in FANCB, covering the first coding exon 3 and the flanking regions. A four bp homology (GTAG) present at both ends of the breakpoint is consistent with microhomology-mediated duplication mechanism. The duplicated allele gives rise to an aberrant transcript containing exon 3 duplication, predicted to introduce a stop codon in FANCB protein (p.A319*). Duplication levels in the peripheral blood DNA declined from 93% to 7.9% in the span of eleven years. Moreover, the patient fibroblasts have shown 8% of wild-type (WT) allele and his carrier mother showed higher than expected levels of WT allele (79% vs. 50%) in peripheral blood, suggesting that the duplication was highly unstable. CONCLUSION: Unlike sequence point variants, intragenic duplications are difficult to precisely define, accurately quantify, and may be very unstable, challenging the proper diagnosis. The reversion of genomic duplication to the WT allele results in somatic mosaicism and may explain the relatively milder phenotype displayed by the FA-B patient described here.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Anemia de Fanconi/genética , Adolescente , Alelos , Sequência de Bases/genética , Células Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Éxons/genética , Proteínas de Grupos de Complementação da Anemia de Fanconi/metabolismo , Fibroblastos , Duplicação Gênica/genética , Genes Ligados ao Cromossomo X/genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Mosaicismo , Fenótipo
11.
Sci Data ; 4: 170179, 2017 12 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29257133

RESUMO

To investigate the genetic basis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) to high resolution, the GoT2D and T2D-GENES consortia catalogued variation from whole-genome sequencing of 2,657 European individuals and exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals of multiple ancestries. Over 27M SNPs, indels, and structural variants were identified, including 99% of low-frequency (minor allele frequency [MAF] 0.1-5%) non-coding variants in the whole-genome sequenced individuals and 99.7% of low-frequency coding variants in the whole-exome sequenced individuals. Each variant was tested for association with T2D in the sequenced individuals, and, to increase power, most were tested in larger numbers of individuals (>80% of low-frequency coding variants in ~82 K Europeans via the exome chip, and ~90% of low-frequency non-coding variants in ~44 K Europeans via genotype imputation). The variants, genotypes, and association statistics from these analyses provide the largest reference to date of human genetic information relevant to T2D, for use in activities such as T2D-focused genotype imputation, functional characterization of variants or genes, and other novel analyses to detect associations between sequence variation and T2D.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Variação Genética , Humanos , População Branca
12.
PLoS Genet ; 13(10): e1007079, 2017 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29084231

RESUMO

Lipid and lipoprotein subclasses are associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, yet the genetic contributions to variability in subclass traits are not fully understood. We conducted single-variant and gene-based association tests between 15.1M variants from genome-wide and exome array and imputed genotypes and 72 lipid and lipoprotein traits in 8,372 Finns. After accounting for 885 variants at 157 previously identified lipid loci, we identified five novel signals near established loci at HIF3A, ADAMTS3, PLTP, LCAT, and LIPG. Four of the signals were identified with a low-frequency (0.005

Assuntos
Frequência do Gene/genética , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Lipídeos/genética , Lipoproteínas/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Triglicerídeos/genética , População Branca/genética , HDL-Colesterol/genética , Exoma/genética , Finlândia , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Componente Principal/métodos
13.
Nat Commun ; 8: 16077, 2017 07 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28681861

RESUMO

Multinucleate cellular syncytial formation is a hallmark of skeletal muscle differentiation. Myomaker, encoded by Mymk (Tmem8c), is a well-conserved plasma membrane protein required for myoblast fusion to form multinucleated myotubes in mouse, chick, and zebrafish. Here, we report that autosomal recessive mutations in MYMK (OMIM 615345) cause Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome in humans (CFZS; OMIM 254940) by reducing but not eliminating MYMK function. We characterize MYMK-CFZS as a congenital myopathy with marked facial weakness and additional clinical and pathologic features that distinguish it from other congenital neuromuscular syndromes. We show that a heterologous cell fusion assay in vitro and allelic complementation experiments in mymk knockdown and mymkinsT/insT zebrafish in vivo can differentiate between MYMK wild type, hypomorphic and null alleles. Collectively, these data establish that MYMK activity is necessary for normal muscle development and maintenance in humans, and expand the spectrum of congenital myopathies to include cell-cell fusion deficits.


Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Síndrome de Möbius/genética , Morfogênese/genética , Proteínas Musculares/genética , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Doenças Musculares/genética , Mutação , Mioblastos/metabolismo , Síndrome de Pierre Robin/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , Adulto , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Fusão Celular , Criança , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Embrião não Mamífero , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Genes Recessivos , Teste de Complementação Genética , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/deficiência , Síndrome de Möbius/metabolismo , Síndrome de Möbius/patologia , Proteínas Musculares/deficiência , Músculo Esquelético/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Doenças Musculares/metabolismo , Doenças Musculares/patologia , Mioblastos/patologia , Linhagem , Síndrome de Pierre Robin/metabolismo , Síndrome de Pierre Robin/patologia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Peixe-Zebra , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/deficiência
14.
Am J Hum Genet ; 100(3): 428-443, 2017 Mar 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28257690

RESUMO

Subcutaneous adipose tissue stores excess lipids and maintains energy balance. We performed expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses by using abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of 770 extensively phenotyped participants of the METSIM study. We identified cis-eQTLs for 12,400 genes at a 1% false-discovery rate. Among an approximately 680 known genome-wide association study (GWAS) loci for cardio-metabolic traits, we identified 140 coincident cis-eQTLs at 109 GWAS loci, including 93 eQTLs not previously described. At 49 of these 140 eQTLs, gene expression was nominally associated (p < 0.05) with levels of the GWAS trait. The size of our dataset enabled identification of five loci associated (p < 5 × 10-8) with at least five genes located >5 Mb away. These trans-eQTL signals confirmed and extended the previously reported KLF14-mediated network to 55 target genes, validated the CIITA regulation of class II MHC genes, and identified ZNF800 as a candidate master regulator. Finally, we observed similar expression-clinical trait correlations of genes associated with GWAS loci in both humans and a panel of genetically diverse mice. These results provide candidate genes for further investigation of their potential roles in adipose biology and in regulating cardio-metabolic traits.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Síndrome Metabólica/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Gordura Subcutânea/metabolismo , Idoso , Animais , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Transativadores/genética , Transativadores/metabolismo
15.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 114(9): 2301-2306, 2017 02 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28193859

RESUMO

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >100 independent SNPs that modulate the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related traits. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of most of these SNPs remain elusive. Here, we examined genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic profiles in human pancreatic islets to understand the links between genetic variation, chromatin landscape, and gene expression in the context of T2D. We first integrated genome and transcriptome variation across 112 islet samples to produce dense cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) maps. Additional integration with chromatin-state maps for islets and other diverse tissue types revealed that cis-eQTLs for islet-specific genes are specifically and significantly enriched in islet stretch enhancers. High-resolution chromatin accessibility profiling using assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) in two islet samples enabled us to identify specific transcription factor (TF) footprints embedded in active regulatory elements, which are highly enriched for islet cis-eQTL. Aggregate allelic bias signatures in TF footprints enabled us de novo to reconstruct TF binding affinities genetically, which support the high-quality nature of the TF footprint predictions. Interestingly, we found that T2D GWAS loci were strikingly and specifically enriched in islet Regulatory Factor X (RFX) footprints. Remarkably, within and across independent loci, T2D risk alleles that overlap with RFX footprints uniformly disrupt the RFX motifs at high-information content positions. Together, these results suggest that common regulatory variations have shaped islet TF footprints and the transcriptome and that a confluent RFX regulatory grammar plays a significant role in the genetic component of T2D predisposition.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genoma Humano , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Transcriptoma , Alelos , Sequência de Bases , Sítios de Ligação , Cromatina/química , Cromatina/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Epigênese Genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Variação Genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Impressão Genômica , Humanos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/patologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Ligação Proteica , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição de Fator Regulador X/genética , Fatores de Transcrição de Fator Regulador X/metabolismo
16.
J Med Genet ; 54(3): 212-216, 2017 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27920058

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a fatal sporadic autosomal dominant premature ageing disease caused by single base mutations that optimise a cryptic splice site within exon 11 of the LMNA gene. The resultant disease-causing protein, progerin, acts as a dominant negative. Disease severity relies partly on progerin levels. METHODS AND RESULTS: We report a novel form of somatic mosaicism, where a child possessed two cell populations with different HGPS disease-producing mutations of the same nucleotide-one producing severe HGPS and one mild HGPS. The proband possessed an intermediate phenotype. The mosaicism was initially discovered when Sanger sequencing showed a c.1968+2T>A mutation in blood DNA and a c.1968+2T>C in DNA from cultured fibroblasts. Deep sequencing of DNA from the proband's blood revealed 4.7% c.1968+2T>C mutation, and 41.3% c.1968+2T>A mutation. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesise that the germline mutation was c.1968+2T>A, but a rescue event occurred during early development, where the somatic mutation from A to C at 1968+2 provided a selective advantage. This type of mosaicism where a partial phenotypic rescue event results from a second but milder disease-causing mutation in the same nucleotide has not been previously characterised for any disease.


Assuntos
Núcleo Celular/genética , Lamina Tipo A/genética , Progéria/genética , Adolescente , Núcleo Celular/patologia , Células Cultivadas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Éxons/genética , Feminino , Fibroblastos/patologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Mosaicismo , Progéria/patologia
17.
Nature ; 536(7614): 41-47, 2016 08 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27398621

RESUMO

The genetic architecture of common traits, including the number, frequency, and effect sizes of inherited variants that contribute to individual risk, has been long debated. Genome-wide association studies have identified scores of common variants associated with type 2 diabetes, but in aggregate, these explain only a fraction of the heritability of this disease. Here, to test the hypothesis that lower-frequency variants explain much of the remainder, the GoT2D and T2D-GENES consortia performed whole-genome sequencing in 2,657 European individuals with and without diabetes, and exome sequencing in 12,940 individuals from five ancestry groups. To increase statistical power, we expanded the sample size via genotyping and imputation in a further 111,548 subjects. Variants associated with type 2 diabetes after sequencing were overwhelmingly common and most fell within regions previously identified by genome-wide association studies. Comprehensive enumeration of sequence variation is necessary to identify functional alleles that provide important clues to disease pathophysiology, but large-scale sequencing does not support the idea that lower-frequency variants have a major role in predisposition to type 2 diabetes.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Alelos , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Exoma , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Humanos , Tamanho da Amostra
18.
Nat Commun ; 7: 11764, 2016 06 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27353450

RESUMO

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from the combined effects of genetic and environmental factors on multiple tissues over time. Of the >100 variants associated with T2D and related traits in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), >90% occur in non-coding regions, suggesting a strong regulatory component to T2D risk. Here to understand how T2D status, metabolic traits and genetic variation influence gene expression, we analyse skeletal muscle biopsies from 271 well-phenotyped Finnish participants with glucose tolerance ranging from normal to newly diagnosed T2D. We perform high-depth strand-specific mRNA-sequencing and dense genotyping. Computational integration of these data with epigenome data, including ATAC-seq on skeletal muscle, and transcriptome data across diverse tissues reveals that the tissue-specific genetic regulatory architecture of skeletal muscle is highly enriched in muscle stretch/super enhancers, including some that overlap T2D GWAS variants. In one such example, T2D risk alleles residing in a muscle stretch/super enhancer are linked to increased expression and alternative splicing of muscle-specific isoforms of ANK1.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Alelos , Epigenômica , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , RNA Mensageiro , Análise de Sequência de RNA
19.
Hum Mutat ; 37(1): 52-64, 2016 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26411452

RESUMO

Genome-wide association studies have identified genomic loci, whose single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) predispose to prostate cancer (PCa). However, the mechanisms of most of these variants are largely unknown. We integrated chromatin-immunoprecipitation-coupled sequencing and microarray expression profiling in TMPRSS2-ERG gene rearrangement positive DUCaP cells with the GWAS PCa risk SNPs catalog to identify disease susceptibility SNPs localized within functional androgen receptor-binding sites (ARBSs). Among the 48 GWAS index risk SNPs and 3,917 linked SNPs, 80 were found located in ARBSs. Of these, rs11891426:T>G in an intron of the melanophilin gene (MLPH) was within a novel putative auxiliary AR-binding motif, which is enriched in the neighborhood of canonical androgen-responsive elements. T→G exchange attenuated the transcriptional activity of the ARBS in an AR reporter gene assay. The expression of MLPH in primary prostate tumors was significantly lower in those with the G compared with the T allele and correlated significantly with AR protein. Higher melanophilin level in prostate tissue of patients with a favorable PCa risk profile points out a tumor-suppressive effect. These results unravel a hidden link between AR and a functional putative PCa risk SNP, whose allele alteration affects androgen regulation of its host gene MLPH.


Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Sítios de Ligação , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Elementos de Resposta , Adulto , Idoso , Alelos , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Imunoprecipitação da Cromatina , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Genótipo , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Motivos de Nucleotídeos , Matrizes de Pontuação de Posição Específica , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Ligação Proteica , Carga Tumoral
20.
Nature ; 526(7571): 75-81, 2015 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26432246

RESUMO

Structural variants are implicated in numerous diseases and make up the majority of varying nucleotides among human genomes. Here we describe an integrated set of eight structural variant classes comprising both balanced and unbalanced variants, which we constructed using short-read DNA sequencing data and statistically phased onto haplotype blocks in 26 human populations. Analysing this set, we identify numerous gene-intersecting structural variants exhibiting population stratification and describe naturally occurring homozygous gene knockouts that suggest the dispensability of a variety of human genes. We demonstrate that structural variants are enriched on haplotypes identified by genome-wide association studies and exhibit enrichment for expression quantitative trait loci. Additionally, we uncover appreciable levels of structural variant complexity at different scales, including genic loci subject to clusters of repeated rearrangement and complex structural variants with multiple breakpoints likely to have formed through individual mutational events. Our catalogue will enhance future studies into structural variant demography, functional impact and disease association.


Assuntos
Variação Genética/genética , Genoma Humano/genética , Mapeamento Físico do Cromossomo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genética Médica , Genética Populacional , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genômica , Genótipo , Haplótipos/genética , Homozigoto , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Taxa de Mutação , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Deleção de Sequência/genética
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