[A new approach to the determination of glycogen concentration in various tissues and comments on the interpretation of its results].

A simple specific method for the detection of glycogen concentration in various tissues without disintegration of its structure is described. The method includes staining of glycogen molecules with iodine. The results of determination do not depend on the presence of polysaccharides because they are not stained with iodine but release reducing sugars during hydrolysis. Glycogen content is calculated from the calibration curve.

[Specificity of the lipoproteins metabolism in rats]. / Osobennosti metabolizma lipoproteinov u krys.

The article reviews the data on rat lipoproteins metabolism and points to some principal differences from that in humans. Sixteen such differences are described concerning spectrum of lipoproteins, their quantity and chemical composition, characteristics of biosynthesis and catabolism, absence of the systems of lipid transport between some classes of lipoproteins.

[Blood serum cholesterol and the state of the immune system]. / Kholesterin syvorotki krovi i sostoianie sistemy immuniteta.

This review deals with information on the relationship of the immunity system and the lipid transport system. The data of literature and the results obtained by the authors indicated that an elevated level of cholesterol in the blood serum is associated with the increased activity of the immunity system. On the one hand, lipids and their metabolites produce an immunomodulating effect and, on the other hand, biologically active molecules, synthesized by immunocompetent cells in the process of their activation and proliferation, regulate lipid metabolism.

[The role of biochemical study of the saliva in diagnosing diseases]. / Rol' biokhimicheskogo issledovaniia sliuny v diagnostike zabolevanii.

Mixed saliva contains numerous biological molecules which participate in regulation of the functions of the major physiological systems or are products of their work. Therefore, salivary components reflect the status of body systems and can provide diagnostic information about their abnormalities.

Effect of polyunsaturated phosphatidyl-choline on lipid transport system in alcoholic liver injury.

The aim of this study was to determine whether serum lipid composition and lipolytic activities in alcoholinduced liver dystrophy were modified by the co-administration of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PPC). Chronic alcohol intoxication was induced in rats by intragastric ethanol administration of 3.5 g/kg body weight per day over 56 days. Aqueous PPC suspension was given intragastrally in doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg body weight. Chronic alcohol intoxication led to the development of protein and lipid dystrophy of hepatocytes. PPC partially prevented alcoholic injury of the liver cells and had a normalizing effect on cholesterol esterification, lipolysis of lipoproteins and on the fatty acid composition of the main lipoprotein classes.

[The radioprotective properties of a lipocarotenoid extract of Rhodotorula glutinis yeasts]. / Protivoluchevye svoistva lipokarotinoidnogo ékstrakta iz drozhzhei Rhodotorula glutinis.

The dynamics of formation of lipids and carotinoids by the Rh. glutinis yeast and the influence of the culture's age on the composition of the product were studied. The composition of a lipocarotinoid complex isolated from the yeast (at a stage of its stationary growth) was determined. It was shown that this complex lipocarotinoid preparation produces a normalizing effect on the parameters of the lipid-transport system and peroxide oxidation of blood serum lipids of irradiated rats.

[Effect of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine on the activity of antioxidant and lipolytic enzymes in alimentary hypercholesterolemia in irradiated rats]. / Deistvie polinenasyshchennogo fosfatidylkholina na aktivnost' antioksidantnykh i lipoliticheskikh fermentov pri alimentarnoi giperkholesterinemii u obluchennykh krys.

A high-cholesterol diet containing 3.5% cholesterol, 0.2% methyl thiouracil and 20% of heated sunflower-seed oil caused an increase in the content of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, diene conjugates and in the activity of phospholipase A2 in rat liver and of serum total cholesterol and cholesterol of low density lipoproteins, and a decrease in the activity of hepatic cholesterol esterase, in the fractional activity of lecithin:cholesterol acetyl transferase (LCAT), in the activity of the enzymes involved in the lipolytic transformation of lipoproteins and in the serum levels of very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The content of malonic dialdehyde in liver tissue and molar activity of LCAT in blood serum were increased after preirradiation (0.5 and 5.0 Gy) of rats kept on the cholesterol diet. The preparation of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine was shown to decrease the content of triacylglycerols and diene conjugates in liver tissue of rats with alimentary hypercholesterolemia. In rats irradiated in a dose of 0.5 Gy the phosphatidylcholine preparation decreased the content of cholesterol in liver tissue and blood serum, exhibited the normalizing effect on the content of cholesterol of high density lipoproteins, on the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase; in a dose of 5.0 Gy this phosphatidylcholine preparation normalized the content of malonic dialdehyde, activity of the enzymes involved in lipolytic transformation of lipoproteins and increased the LCAT activity.

[Differential forms of self-directed study of biochemistry in medical schools]. / Differentsirovannye formy samostoiatel'noi raboty studentov pri izuchenii biokhimii v meditsinskom vuze.

Methods of self-directed study of biochemistry by students are considered in connection with initial levels of their theoretical knowledge and laboratory experience. This type of training involved individual tasks and free discussion on the results obtained. Optimal results were observed in organization of self-directed work in small groups.

[Status of the pituitary-adrenal system and biogenic amine levels after extensive resection of the intestines]. / Sostoianie gipofizarno-adrenalovoi sistemy i soderzhanie biogennykh aminov posle obshirnykh rezektsii kishechnika.

A clinico-experimental investigations for the determination of contents of serotonin, histamine, 11-OCS and ACTH in blood as well as excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline after extensive resection of the intestine are described. It was shown that the dynamics of contents of biologically active substances in the blood depended on the level of resection and terms after operation. Extensive resection of the intestine is followed by inhibition of the sympatho-adrenal system resulting in reduction of noradrenaline in blood and its excretion with increased excretion of adrenaline.

[The characteristics of the lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase reaction in the blood serum during liver regeneration]. / Kharakteristika letsitin-kholesterol-atsiltransferaznoi reaktsii v syvorotke krovi pri regeneratsii pecheni.

The rate of cholesterin ether formation in blood serum during the periods of rapid recovery of liver mass decreases after partial hepatectomy in rats. This effect is connected with the changes in quantity and composition of lecithin cholesterin acyltransferase (LCAT) as well the kinetic characteristics of lipoprotein of high density. This ferment was isolated from blood serum and purified in 28,500 times at different periods of liver regeneration. A conclusion concerning the presence of reverse dependence between the pronounced regeneration processes in liver and LCAT activity at high level of nonetherificated cholesterin in substrate has been drawn. Some recommendations for LCAT activity reducing processes in liver are given.

[Glycolysis activation, a decrease in the glycogen reserve and the absence of glucocorticoid control over the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver of rats under prolonged hypokinetic stress]. / Aktivatsiia glikoliza, snizhenie glikogennogo rezerva i otsutstvie gliukokortikoidnogo kontrolia fermentov uglevodnogo obmena v pecheni krys pri dlitel'nom gipokineticheskom stresse.

The content of 11-oxycorticosteroids in blood plasma, the content of glycogen in the liver and the correlation of processes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in it (according to the activity of the key enzymes) were studied in rats in the course of chronic stress (on day 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60) induced by keeping the animals under conditions of severe hypokinesia. The 11-oxycorticosteroic content increased on the 5th, 45th, and 60th day of stress. On the 5th day processes of gluconeogenesis in the liver prevailed over processes of glycolysis, on the 60th day glycolysis prevailed over gluconeogenesis. On the 45th-60th days the content of glycogen in the liver reduces and the activity of the key enzymes becomes exempt from hormonal control.

[The effect of factors stimulating proliferation of hepatocytes on cholesterol esterification in the serum during liver regeneration]. / Deistvie faktorov, stimuliruiushchikh proliferatsiiu gepatotsitov, na protsess ésterifikatsii kholesterina v syvorotke krovi pri regeneratsii pecheni.

Two-step regeneration of rat liver tissue was observed after partial hepatectomy. The first step involved mitosis of hepatocytes and the second step--division of the cells containing two nuclei and hypertrophy of hepatocytes. Both these steps of liver tissue regeneration were accompanied by hypercholesterolemia and a decrease in the cholesterol esterification activity in blood serum. The factors, stimulating hepatocyte proliferation, accelerated the reparative liver tissue regeneration due to activation of mitosis and the early division of the cells containing two nuclei. At the same time, the highest regeneration of the cholesterol esterification system was detected in circulation.

[The effect of thermally stable factors from cytosol of regenerating liver cells on the processes of cholesterol esterification in rat blood serum after administration of ethionine]. / Deistvie termostabil'nykh faktorov iz tsitozolia kletok regeneriruiushchei pecheni na protsess éterifikatsii kholesterina v syvorotke krovi krys posle vvedeniia étionina.

In the trials on rats it has been found that ethionine injection damages the system of cholesterol esterification in the blood serum. The factors stimulating hepatocyte proliferation prevent partially the toxic action of ethionine.

[Effect of proliferation-stimulating factors on cholesterol esterification in the serum of rats with acute tetrachloromethane poisoning]. / Deistvie faktorov, stimuliruiushchikh proliferatsiiu, na ésterifikatsiiu kholesterina v syvorotke krovi krys pri ostroi intoksikatsii tetrachlormethanom.

Three phases of cholesterolemia were detected in rats after single administration of CCl4 at a dose of 0.3 ml of oil solution per 100 g of body mass. Factors, stimulating proliferation of hepatocytes and isolated from regenerating liver tissue, did not affect the type of cholesterolemia whereas they stimulated cholesterol esters formation in circulation.

[Action of cytoplasmic factors from the regenerating liver on cholesterol esterification in the blood serum of rats with tetrachloromethane liver damage]. / Deistvie tsitoplazmaticheskikh faktorov iz regeneriruiushchei pecheni na éterifikatsiiu kholesterina v syvorotke krovi krys pri povrezhdenii pecheni tetrakhlormetanom.

The effect of proliferation stimulating factors (PSF) obtained from regenerating liver on the cholesterol esterification in blood serum under deep tetrachloromethane intoxication has been studied in experiments with white rats. Three phases in dynamics of cholesterol content in blood serum have been picked out after a single tetrachloromethane injection. The content of total cholesterol and cholesterol esters reduces during the first phase (24 h), during the second phase (3-7th day) it increases and during the third phase (15th day) these values become normal. PSF injection does not produce any influence on the nature of blood cholesterol under deep tetrachloromethane intoxication, but stimulates the processes of cholesterol ester formation in blood serum.