Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation enhances insulin sensitivity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and glucose transporter type 4 protein expression in the skeletal muscles of rats during endurance exercise.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation affects insulin sensitivity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) protein expressions in the skeletal muscles of rats during endurance exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into HS (high-fat diet (HFD) sedentary group, n = 8), CS (1.0% CLA supplemented HFD sedentary group, n = 8), and CE (1.0% CLA supplemented HFD exercise group, n = 8). The rats in the CE swam for 60 min a day, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. RESULTS: The serum glucose and insulin contents and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value of the CS and CE were significantly decreased compared to those of the HS. The PPAR-γ protein expressions in the soleus muscle (SOM) and extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) were significantly higher in the CE than in the HS. In addition, the PPAR-γ protein expression in the SOM of the CS was significantly higher than that in the HS. On the other hand, the GLUT-4 protein expression of the SOM in the CE was significantly higher compared to that in the HS. However, there was no significant difference in GLUT-4 protein expression in the EDL among the groups. CONCLUSION: CLA supplementation with/without endurance exercise has role in improvement of insulin sensitivity. Moreover, when CLA supplementation was accompanied by endurance exercise, the PPAR-γ protein expression in SOM and EDL and the GLUT-4 protein expression in SOM were enhanced compared with the control group.

Serum levels of appetite-regulating hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines are ameliorated by a CLA diet and endurance exercise in rats fed a high-fat diet.

PURPOSE: This study examined whether conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation and endurance exercise affect appetite-regulating hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats. METHODS: Seven-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into the high-fat diet sedentary group (HS, n=8), the 1.0% CLA supplemented high-fat diet sedentary group (CS, n=8), and the 1.0% CLA supplemented high-fat diet exercise group (CE, n=8). Rats in the CE group swam 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Leptin and insulin levels in the CS and CE groups were significantly lower than those in the HS group (p<0.001), whereas leptin (p<0.01) and insulin (p<0.05) levels decreased significantly in the CE compared to those in the CS group. Interleukin (IL)-1ß (p<0.001) and IL-6 (p<0.01) levels in the CS and CE groups decreased significantly compared to those in the HS group. Leptin (IL-1ß: r=0.835, p<0.001), IL-6 (r=0.607, p<0.05), insulin (IL-1ß: r=0.797, p<0.01), and IL-6 (r=0.827, p<0.01) levels were positively related with pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. CONCLUSION: Endurance exercise may play an important role during CLA supplementation of rats on a high-fat diet.

Physical Activity and Suicide Attempt of South Korean Adolescents - Evidence from the Eight Korea Youth Risk Behaviors Web-based Survey.

Suicide is the leading cause of death among South Korean adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between suicidal thoughts (ST) and suicidal attempts (SA) with the level of physical activity (PA) among South Korean adolescents. Based on data from the eighth Korea Youth Risk Behaviors Web-Based Survey, 74,186 South Korean adolescents were evaluated in terms of their relationship between meeting guidelines for vigorous PA (VPA), moderate PA (MPA), and low PA (LPA) and in respect of ST and SA status. The adjusted odds ratio in adolescents who thought about suicide increased significantly with PA levels (1.02 in males, 1.21 in females with VPA, 1.10 in males, 1.18 in females with MPA, and 1.16 in males, 1.20 in females with LPA) compared to participants who did not think about suicide. In addition, the AOR in adolescents who attempted suicide increased significantly with PA levels (1.16 in males, 1.36 in females with VPA, 1.13 in males, 1.15 in females with MPA, and 1.26 in males, 1.15 in females with LPA) compared to participants who did not attempt suicide. These results show that VPA, MPA, and LPA are positively associated with ST and SA prevention in South Korean adolescents. Therefore, to prevent suicide of South Korean adolescents, we support public health program including PA participation. Key PointsSouth Korean male adolescents, compared to female adolescents, showed relatively high values for physical activity-related variables such as vigorous, moderate, and low PA.Regardless of gender, more physical activity participation is positively associated with prevention of suicidal thought and attempts of South Korean adolescents.To prevent suicide of South Korean adolescents, we support public health program including meeting guidelines for vigorous, moderate, and low physical activity.

Sleep Duration and Self-Rated Health are Independently Associated with Physical Activity Level in the Korean Population.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of physical activity levels with sleep duration (SD), and self-rated health (SRH) using the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2010 and 2011. METHOD: Overall, 12,188 Korean people were evaluated in relation to meeting guidelines for vigorous PA (MVPA), moderate PA (MMPA), and low PA (MLPA) associated with SD and SRH. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of males who slept seven hours with MMPA (AOR=0.84) and MLPA (AOR=0.85) and eight hours with MMPA (AOR=0.76) and MLPA (AOR=0.78) significantly decreased compared to subjects who sleep 6 hours/day. In females, an AOR of less than 5 (AOR=1.40) and 6 hours (AOR=1.12) with MVPA was significantly increased compared to 7 hours sleep/day, while sleeping more than 8 hours/day was significantly decreased with MLPA (AOR=0.73). Compared to the very good SHR, the AORs of more negative SHR status with MVPA, MMPA, and MLPA in males and with MMVP and MLVP in females decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Sleeping 6-8 hours/day for MMPA and MLPA in males and 7-8 hours/day for MVPA and MLPA in females, and a very good SRH for MVPA, MMPA, and MLPA in males and for MMPA and MLPA in females are recommended to participate physical activity for the Korean population. We therefore, the independent association between PA levels and SD or SRH according to gender supports public health program to participate physical activity for the Korean population.

The Positive Effect of Physical Activity on Health and Health-related Quality of Life in Elderly Korean People-Evidence from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: The proportion of elderly people in the population is growing, and Korea has one of the fastest growing populations among the world's major regions. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of physical activity on the health and quality of life of elderly Korean people. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of 2,853 elderly Korean people (1,239 males and 1,614 females) aged more than 65 years was evaluated to determine whether they met guidelines for vigorous PA (VPA), moderate PA (MPA), and low PA (LPA) and how those results were associated with self-rated health (SRH) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of males and females who reported very good SRH significantly decreased with VPA (males: AOR = 0.42, females: AOR = 0.44), MPA (males: AOR = 0.46, females: AOR = 0.48), and LPA (males: AOR = 0.44, females: AOR = 0.32). Subjects who met the guidelines for VPA (males: AOR = 0.40, females: AOR = 0.43), MPA (males: AOR = 0.49, females: AOR = 0.45), and LPA (males: AOR = 0.33, females: AOR = 0.39) and reported no problems with their HRQoL showed significantly decreased AORs compared with subjects who reported HRQoL problems. CONCLUSION: Elderly Korean people were fairly inactive, but participation in vigorous, moderate, or low PA was positively associated with SRH and HRQoL.