Identifying inflicted injuries in infants and young children.

Child physical abuse is a common cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Up to half of all children presenting with abusive injuries have a history of a prior suspicious injury, suggesting a pattern of repeated physical abuse. Medical providers are responsible for identifying children with suspicious injuries, completing mandated reporting to child protective services for investigation, and screening for occult injuries and underlying medical conditions that can predispose to injuries. Early identification of inflicted injuries appropriate evaluations may serve as an opportunity for life-saving intervention and prevent further escalation of abuse. However, identification of abuse can be challenging. This article will review both physical exam findings and injuries that suggest abuse as well as the evaluation and management of physical abuse.

Planar star-shaped organic semiconductor with fused triphenylamine core for solution-processed small-molecule organic solar cells and field-effect transistors.

The symmetrical planar star-shaped organic semiconductor DMM-TPA-[DTS(BTTh(3))](3) with fused TPA core donor and three branch motifs, DTS(BTTh(3)), exhibited efficient p-type semiconducting performance in solution-processed SMOSCs and OFETs compared to the tilted star-shaped TPA-[DTS(BTTh(3))](3); a noteworthy PCE value of 4.16% was observed, with a hole mobility and on/off ratio of 7.6 × 10(-3) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and 5 × 10(6), respectively.

Electron-rich anthracene semiconductors containing triarylamine for solution-processed small-molecule organic solar cells.

New electron-rich anthracene derivatives containing triarylamine hole stabilizers, 2,6-bis[5,5'-bis(N,N'-diphenylaniline)-2,2'-bithiophen-5-yl]-9,10-bis-[(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl]anthracene (TIPSAntBT-TPA) and 2,6-bis(5,5'-bis{4-[bis(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)amino]phenyl}-2,2'-bithiophen-5-yl)-9,10-bis-[(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl]anthracene (TIPSAntBT-bisDMFA), linked with π-conjugated bithiophene bridges, were synthesized and their photovoltaic characteristics were investigated in solution-processed small-molecule organic solar cells (SMOSCs). These new materials exhibited superior intramolecular charge transfer from triarylamine to anthracene, leading to a more electron-rich anthracene core that facilitated electron transfer into phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester. Compared with TIPSAntBT and triarylamine, these materials show a threefold improvement in hole-transporting properties and better photovoltaic performance in solution-processed SMOSCs, with the best power conversion efficiency being 2.96 % at a high open-circuit voltage of 0.85 V.

Facile synthesis of fluorine-substituted benzothiadiazole-based organic semiconductors and their use in solution-processed small-molecule organic solar cells.

A facile new protocol for the synthesis of iodinated derivatives of fluorinated benzothiadiazoles is demonstrated for the production of p-type semiconducting materials. The newly synthesized small-molecule compounds bis[TPA-diTh]-MonoF-BT and bis[TPA-diTh]-DiF-BT exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 2.95% and a high open-circuit voltage of 0.85 V in solution-processed small-molecule organic solar cells.

New type of organic sensitizers with a planar amine unit for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.

A new type of organic sensitizers incorporating a planar amine unit have been synthesized and demonstrated to be a highly efficient sensitizers, showing evidence of lateral interactions on the TiO(2) surface. Under standard global air mass 1.5 solar conditions, the JK-98 sensitized cell gave a short circuit photocurrent density (J(sc)) of 16.78 mA cm(-2), an open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) of 0.745 V, and a fill factor (ff) of 0.70, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency (η) of 8.71%.

New organic dye based on a 3,6-disubstituted carbazole donor for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.

We have synthesized and characterized four organic dyes (H1-H4) based on a 3,6-disubstituted carbazole donor as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells. These dyes have high molar extinction coefficients and energy levels suitable for electron transfer from an electrolyte to nanocrystalline TiO(2) particles. Under standard air mass 1.5 global (AM 1.5 G) solar irradiation, a device using dye H4 exhibits a short-circuit current density (J(sc)) of 13.7 mA cm(-2), an open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) of 0.68 V, a fill factor (FF) of 0.70, and a calculated efficiency of 6.52%. This performance is comparable to that of a reference cell based on N719 (7.30%) under the same conditions. After 1000 hours of visible-light soaking at 60 °C, the overall efficiency remained at 95% of the initial value.

Synthesis of annulated thiophene perylene bisimide analogues: their applications to bulk heterojunction organic solar cells.

Annulated thiophene perylene bisimides and their triphenyl-amine based oligomers have been synthesized. One of the oligomers FPTTPA has been demonstrated to be an efficient electron donor in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells, giving a power conversion efficiency of 1.42%.

Efficient and stable panchromatic squaraine dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells.

A new series of stable, unsymmetrical squaraine near-IR sensitizers (JK-216 and JK-217), which are assembled using both thiophenyl pyrrolyl and indolium groups, exhibit a panchromatic light harvesting up to 780 nm. The JK-216 based cell exhibited a record efficiency of 6.29% for near-IR DSSCs. In addition, the JK-217 device showed an excellent stability under a light soaking test at 60 °C for 1000 h.