RESUMO
BACE1 is the rate-limiting enzyme for amyloid-ß peptides (Aß) generation, a key event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). By an unknown mechanism, levels of BACE1 and a BACE1 mRNA-stabilizing antisense RNA (BACE1-AS) are elevated in the brains of AD patients, implicating that dysregulation of BACE1 expression plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. We found that nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (NRF2/NFE2L2) represses the expression of BACE1 and BACE1-AS through binding to antioxidant response elements (AREs) in their promoters of mouse and human. NRF2-mediated inhibition of BACE1 and BACE1-AS expression is independent of redox regulation. NRF2 activation decreases production of BACE1 and BACE1-AS transcripts and Aß production and ameliorates cognitive deficits in animal models of AD. Depletion of NRF2 increases BACE1 and BACE1-AS expression and Aß production and worsens cognitive deficits. Our findings suggest that activation of NRF2 can prevent a key early pathogenic process in AD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Transtornos Cognitivos/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/genética , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Animais , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidases/genética , Transtornos Cognitivos/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Isotiocianatos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/biossíntese , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Ligação Proteica , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Sulfóxidos , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
Phytochemicals are reported to provide various biological functions leading to the promotion of health as well as the reduced risk of chronic diseases. Fat-soluble plant pigments, carotenoids, are extensively studied micronutrient phytochemicals for their potential health benefits. It is noteworthy that specific carotenoids may be responsible for different protective effects against certain diseases. In addition, each carotenoid can be obtained from different types of plant foods. Considering the fact that the phytochemical content in foods can vary according to, but not limited to, the varieties and culture conditions, it is important to establish a database of phytochemicals in locally produced plant foods. Currently, information on individual carotenoid content in plant foods commonly consumed in Korea is lacking. As the first step to support the production and consumption of sustainable local plant foods, carotenoids and total phenolic contents of plant foods commonly consumed in Korea are presented and their potential biological functions are discussed in this review.
