The Influence of Users' Spatial Familiarity on Their Emotional Perception of Space and Wayfinding Movement Patterns.

In order to evaluate the sensory perceptions of users who visited a train station, this study aimed to conduct an evaluation of their spatial emotions and identify the distance and type of transfer. For evaluation and verification, emotional recognition and wayfinding types were analyzed according to types in the groups (gender, age, and spatial familiarity) of experimental participants. There were two research questions: "Will the length of movement patterns in the experiment environment vary depending on the types of the participant group?" and "Is there any moderating effect in the interaction between spatial familiarity and the types of the participant groups?" A total of 28 participants were recruited with consideration of gender, age, and familiarity with spatial experience, which were used to analyze the participant groups. The experiment was conducted at a train station, and a vignette was presented to the participants to record the route and pattern of their wayfinding, followed by providing a questionnaire to record their spatial perception. SPSS was used to conduct a T-test, factor analysis, and multidimensional scaling (MDS). The differences in spatial perception were arranged in visual positioning based on emotional vocabulary, and average movement distances in the participant groups were compared in accordance with the type of wayfinding and interaction effect by ANOVA. The results showed that there was a difference in spatial perception depending on the negative emotional vocabulary and type of participant. An emotional positioning map for average comparison was prepared for each participant group (gender, age, and spatial familiarity) by using the factors extracted in the factor analysis (emotional factor, management factor, and aesthetic factor). Female and unfamiliar groups displayed negative results in the emotional factor (F = 7.202, p < 0.05). In addition, male and familiar groups displayed negative results in the management factor (F = 3.058, p < 0.10). In wayfinding, there was an interaction between gender and the resident group based on the status of their spatial familiarity. Through this, it was possible to extract negative emotional evaluations according to the type of participant and the interaction factors for the type and length of the wayfinding.

Descriptions of two new species of Brachyzapus Gauld amp; Dubois (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from South Korea with key to a Palaearctic species.

Two new species of the genus Brachyzapus Gauld Dubois are described from South Korea: Brachyzapus convergens sp. nov. and B. pyramidalis sp. nov. Four species of this genus are newly recorded from South Korea, with diagnoses provided. A key to species of the Palaearctic region of this genus and illustrations of their external characters are provided.

A new species of Monoblastus Hartig, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Tryphoninae) from South Korea.

A new ichneumonid species, Monoblastus koreensis sp. nov. is described from South Korea. New data on the taxonomy and distribution of M. clauseni (Uchida), M. erythrurus Townes et al. and M. nigriventus Lee Cha are given. The taxonomic position of M. nigriventus and its similarity to M. ermolenkoi Kasparyan from Russian Kuril Islands is discussed. All these species are keyed and illustrated. Erromenus alpinator Aubert sensu Lee Cha (= Monoblastus koreensis sp. nov.) is excluded from the fauna of South Korea.

The webspinning sawfly genus Neurotoma (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of South Korea: Neurotoma silla sp. nov. and a key to species.

Neurotoma silla sp. nov. is described and illustrated from South Korea. It belongs to the N. saltuum subgroup of the N. nemoralis group and is well characterized by the large size, the mostly black body with mostly black antennae and partly pale yellow legs, the densely punctate but nearly glabrous head with smooth interspaces between punctures, and the sharply carinate occipital carina. Six species of Neurotoma are known now from South Korea, including three species endemic to the country. A key to the South Korean species of Neurotoma is given.

Four new species of the genus Lathrolestes Förster, 1869 from South Korea (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ctenopelmatinae).

Four new species of the genus Lathrolestes Förster, 1869 are discovered from South Korea: Lathrolestes redimiculus Reshchikov & Lee, sp. n., Lathrolestes sexmaculatus Reshchikov & Lee, sp. n., Lathrolestes taebaeksanensis Reshchikov & Lee, sp. n., and Lathrolestes ungnyeo Reshchikov & Lee, sp. n. This is the first record of the genus from South Korea.

New species of Rhorus Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ctenopelmatinae) from South Korea.

A new ichneumonid-species Rhorus koreensis sp. nov. is described from South Korea. Monoblastus jinjuensis Lee et Cha, 1993 described from South Korea is transferred to Rhorus (new combination). Only Rh. takagii (Uchida, 1931) is recorded previously from South Korea. Rhorus nigritarsis (Hedwig, 1956) is recorded for the first time from South Korea. A key to the four South Korean species are provided.

A taxonomic review of the genus Dolichomitus Smith (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from South Korea with descriptions of two new species.

Nineteen species of the genus Dolichomitus Smith (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) are recognized from South Korea, including 15 newly recorded species as well as two species new to science, Dolichomitus koreanus sp. nov., and D. rufinus sp. nov., A key to the species of the genus Dolichomitus in South Korea is provided, together with diagnostic illustrations.

A review of the genera Gnathochorisis Förster and Symplecis Förster of South Korea, with notes on Korean orthocentrines (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Orthocentrinae).

Two genera of Korean Orthocentrinae, Gnathochorisis and Symplecis, are reviewed, and keys to species of these genera are provided here. Two new species, Gnathochorisis fuscipes Humala & Lee, sp. n. and Gnathochorisis koreensis Humala & Lee, sp. n. are described from South Korea. The current state of the taxonomy of Eastern Palaearctic orthocentrines is briefly discussed.

How Clean Are Hotel Rooms? Part I: Visual Observations vs. Microbiological Contamination.

Current evidence of hotel room cleanliness is based on observation rather than empirically based microbial assessment. The purpose of the study described here was to determine if observation provides an accurate indicator of cleanliness. Results demonstrated that visual assessment did not accurately predict microbial contamination. Although testing standards have not yet been established for hotel rooms and will be evaluated in Part II of the authors' study, potential microbial hazards included the sponge and mop (housekeeping cart), toilet, bathroom floor, bathroom sink, and light switch. Hotel managers should increase cleaning in key areas to reduce guest exposure to harmful bacteria.

How Clean Are Hotel Rooms? Part II: Examining the Concept of Cleanliness Standards.

Hotel room cleanliness is based on observation and not on microbial assessment even though recent reports suggest that infections may be acquired while staying in hotel rooms. Exploratory research in the first part of the authors' study was conducted to determine if contamination of hotel rooms occurs and whether visual assessments are accurate indicators of hotel room cleanliness. Data suggested the presence of microbial contamination that was not reflective of visual assessments. Unfortunately, no standards exist for interpreting microbiological data and other indicators of cleanliness in hotel rooms. The purpose of the second half of the authors' study was to examine cleanliness standards in other industries to see if they might suggest standards in hotels. Results of the authors' study indicate that standards from other related industries do not provide analogous criteria, but do provide suggestions for further research.

Two new species of Leptobatopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Banchinae) from South Korea and gynandromorphy in L. nigricapitis.

Four species of Leptobatopsis Ashmead are recorded for the first time from South Korea. Among them, L. koreana sp. nov. and L. daedeokensis sp. nov. are newly described. We also report two newly recorded species, L. nigricapitis Chandra & Gupta and L. appendiculata Momoi, from South Korea. In addition, we describe a case of gynandromorphy of L. nigricapitis in a single specimen from South Korea. This specimen presents bilateral asymmetry, with the left half of its habitus displaying male characters and the right half displaying female characters. We also provide a key to Eastern Palaearctic species of Leptobatopsis.

A new species of the genus Seticornuta Morley (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Metopiinae) from South Korea.

Old World species of the genus Seticornuta Morley are reviewed. Seven species of this genus were recorded worldwide, but only one species, Seticornutaalbopilosa (Cameron), was known from the Old World. Here, we report one new species, Seticornutakoreana sp. n., from South Korea, and redescribe the other known Old World species, Seticornutaalbopilosa, with photographs.

A new Orussus species from South Korea, and a key to the East Asian Orussidae (Hymenoptera).

Orussus melanosoma Lee & Wei, sp. nov. from South Korea is described and illustrated. Phylogenetic analyses place the new species basally in Orussus, together with other species from the Far East. A key to species of Orussidae from the eastern Palaearctic is provided. 

Addition to the study of the genus Dusona (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) in Korea with description of a new species and key to the Korean species.

Korean species of the genus Dusona Cameron (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) are reviewed. Twenty seven species of Dusona are reported from South Korea, including 12 previously unrecorded species, D. bellipes (Holmgren, 1872), D. bicoloripes (Ashmead, 1906), D. chabarowski Hinz & Horstmann, 2004, D. cultrator (Gravenhorst, 1829), D. japonica (Cameron, 1906), D. mactatoides Hinz, 1994, D. scalprata Horstmann, 2004, D. sasayamae Hinz & Horstmann, 2004, D. oblitera (Holmgren, 1872), D. obtutor Hinz, 1994, D. auriculator Aubert, 1964, D. longicauda (Uchida, 1928), and a new species, D. koreana sp. n. An illustrated key to Korean species of Dusona provided.

Three new species of the genus Cymodusa Holmgren (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) from Korea.

Korean species of the genus Cymodusa Holmgren (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) are reviewed. Four species of Cymodusa (Cymodusa) are reported from Korea, including one newly recorded species, Cymodusa aenigma Dbar (1985), and three new species, Cymodusa koreana sp. n., Cymodusa yeungnamensis sp. n. and Cymodusa geolimi sp. n. This genus is reported for the first time from Korea. Descriptions with photographs of new species, line drawings of propodeum and metasomal tergites of the Palaearctic species of the "australis" group and a key to the Korean Cymodusa species are provided.

Persistence of Salmonella and E. coli on the surface of restaurant menus.

To the authors' knowledge, the role of restaurant menus as a vehicle for pathogens has not been explored. Menus, however, can pose as a vector for bacterial contamination and transfer. Sampling menus from two restaurants in the Houston, Texas, area showed the presence of up to 100 CFU/cm2 aerobic bacteria. Follow-up studies designed to investigate the ability of Salmonella and E. coli to persist on paper and laminated menus at various time points (0, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours) demonstrated that bacteria persist more efficiently on laminated menus as compared to paper menus. Transfer studies performed to quantitatively determine the ability of bacteria to transfer from menus to fingertips and from fingertips to clean menus showed that bacteria can be transferred for up to 24 hours. The study described here showed that restaurant menus may serve as vehicles for pathogens and hence present a public health issue within the retail food environment.