High-Performance Piezoelectric Nanogenerators via Imprinted Sol-Gel BaTiO3 Nanopillar Array.

We report high-performance piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with nanoimprinted sol-gel BaTiO3 (BTO) nanopillar array polarized under high electric field and ultraviolet. The PENGs fabricated using this method demonstrate greatly enhanced output voltage of ∼10 V and current density of ∼1.2 µA cm-2, respectively, in comparison to that of flat PENG. Further, the PENG demonstrates uniform output characteristics over the entire device area thanks to uniform nanoimprint pillar array. The approach introduced here is simple, effective, reliable, and reproducible way to fabricate high-performance sol-gel-based PENGs and electronic devices.

Crlz-1 is prominently expressed in spermatogonia and Sertoli cells during early testis development and in spermatids during late spermatogenesis.

The expression of the Crlz-1 gene in mouse testis, where it was found to be expressed most highly among the tested mouse organs, was analyzed spatiotemporally by employing RT-PCR and in situ hybridization techniques with the aid of immunohistochemistry and/or immunofluorescence methods. In 1-week-old neonatal testis, Crlz-1 was strongly expressed in the spermatogonia and Sertoli cells in its seminiferous cord. In 2- to 3-week-old prepubertal testis, where Sertoli cells cease to proliferate, Crlz-1 expression dropped and remained weakly at the rim layer of seminiferous cords and/or tubules, where spermatogonia are present. In the adult testis at 12 weeks after birth, Crlz-1 was expressed mainly in the spermatids near the lumen of seminiferous tubules. In a further in situ hybridization of Crlz-1 in the 12-week-old adult testis with hematoxylin nuclear counterstaining, Crlz-1 was mainly expressed at step 16 of spermatids between stages VII and VIII of seminiferous tubules as well as in their residual bodies at stage IX of seminiferous tubules.