Effects of powdered activated carbon and calcium on trihalomethane toxicity of zebrafish embryos and larvae in hybrid membrane bioreactors.

This study investigated the effect of powdered activated carbon and calcium on trihalomethane toxicity in zebrafish embryos and larvae in hybrid membrane bioreactors. Two hybrid membrane bioreactors were configured with the addition of powdered activated carbon or calcium to reduce the trihalomethane formation potential. Trihalomethane formation decreased by approximately 37.2% and 30.3% in membrane bioreactor-powdered activated carbon and membrane bioreactor-calcium, respectively. Additionally, the toxic effect of trihalomethane formation was examined on zebrafish embryos and larvae. About 35% of the embryos exposed to trihalomethanes (800 ppb) showed signs of deformation, with the majority displaying coagulation within 24 h after exposure. Color preference tests, which were conducted to identify any abnormal activities of the embryos, showed an increase in preference from short to longer wavelengths upon exposure to high levels of trihalomethanes. This may indicate damage to the optical organs in zebrafish when exposed to trihalomethanes. Behavioral analysis showed reduced mobility of zebrafish larvae under different trihalomethane concentrations, indicating a decrease in the average activity time with an increasing trihalomethane concentration. The membrane bioreactor effluents were toxic to zebrafish embryos and larvae in the presence of high trihalomethane concentrations. To understand the mechanism behind trihalomethane toxicity, further studies are needed.

Experimental approaches for identifying the impact of enhanced flotation technology using hollow microspheres.

Hollow microspheres should be characterized in terms of physicochemical aspects to understand the flotation effect principle. There have been insufficient studies on the effect of hollow microspheres in water treatment in terms of flotation. In this study, various analytical and experimental approaches were utilized to identify the flotation characteristics and understand the effect of hollow microspheres on flotation. These approaches included analytical methods such as particle count and zeta potential measurements, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a floc breakage experiment, and a collision efficiency model. The hollow microspheres were spherical shape with an average size of 50 µm. The microspheres were identified to have a higher negative charge (-69.1 mV) than microbubbles (-51.1 and -30.5 mV). The binding energy of Si-O from the hollow microspheres showed the highest peak at 103.18 eV and 61,503.7 counts/s. Si-O binding structure and the molecular structure of the SixOx series were considered to be a structure in which Si32- is bonded to oxygen ion. The optimum floc breakage condition was determined to be 15 min. The number of particles increased because the average particle size is increased with the concentration of hollow microspheres injection. The turbulent flocculation (TF) model was confirmed to be consentient to the experimental data in comparison with the white-water bubble blanket (WWBB) model. As a result, the hollow microspheres had the characteristic of increasing floc size so that flocs can be floated easily.

Reducing bacterial aerosol emissions from membrane bioreactors: The impact of SRT and the addition of PAC and calcium.

Bacterial aerosols resulting from membrane bioreactor (MBR) processes, which require excessive aeration in a confined space, are important to investigate because of their possible adverse effects on human health. This study investigated the influence of solid retention time (SRT) on bacterial aerosols from MBRs. Moreover, powdered activated carbon (PAC) and calcium were used to attenuate bacterial aerosol emissions from MBRs. The particulate matter (PM) emitted from the MBRs was reduced by 30.5 and 25.2% at SRTs of 20 and 80 d, respectively, compared to the level emitted at an SRT of 10 d. Total cell counts were similarly reduced at SRTs of 20 and 80 d. Longer SRTs also led to greater reductions in the particle size distribution of the sludge within 10 µm. Several factors in the MBR influenced the behavior of the bacterial aerosol emissions from the MBRs. This study showed that changes in viscosity and particle size induced by the SRT influenced the bacterial aerosol emissions in MBRs. Therefore, SRT was identified as an important design parameter affecting bacterial aerosol emissions in MBR processes. The amounts of particulate matter and bacterial aerosols were reduced in MBRs using PAC and calcium, both of which exerted an immediate effect on the bacterial aerosol emissions in MBRs by increasing the aerosol-particle size.

A seasonal observation on the distribution of engineered nanoparticles in municipal wastewater treatment systems exemplified by TiO2 and ZnO.

The present research attempted to assess the seasonal variation of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in a major municipal wastewater treatment system. A monthly survey over a 12-month period was conducted to monitor the concentration of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles throughout the treatment process. Results showed inflow concentrations in the range of 21.6±5.0-391.0±43.0µg/L and 20.0±12.0-212.0±53.0µg/L for TiO2 and ZnO, respectively. Seasonal pattern of the inflow ENPs concentration showed elevated value in the summer and winter periods for both TiO2 and ZnO. Based on the concentration profile, the hydraulic flow rate, and the concentration of mixed liquid suspended solid (MLSS), the daily mass loading (DML) or mass flow rate of nanoparticles and the mass ratio of engineered nanoparticle to MLSS were calculated. DML provided a real-time estimate of temporal distribution of ENPs in the treatment processes. Results indicated a daily mass loading of 50.1±12.7 and 44.7±14.1kg/day (yearly average) for TiO2 and ZnO, respectively. The amount of ENPs captured by sludge particulates were, yearly average, of 7.1kg-ZnO/d and 39.8kg-TiO2/d, and 8.9kg-ZnO/d and 25.1kg-TiO2/d, by the primary and the secondary sludge particulates, respectively. ENPs to MLSS mass ratio also showed a seasonal patter similar to the inflow ENPs concentration, where summer and winter periods showed elevated values. Additionally, loss of ENPs throughout the treatment plant that was not accounted for, also can be estimated from the daily mass loading rate and the mass ratio of ENPs to MLSS. Based on the seasonal distribution of ENPs in wastewater treatment systems, especially the daily mass loading rate, it is possible to estimate the uses of nanoparticle-related commercial and personal care products in the urban areas and enable decision-making on the strategy of sludge disposal management.

Multi-barrier approach for removing organic micropollutants using mobile water treatment systems.

The diversity of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in aquatic environments has been increasing rapidly during the last decade. Therefore, it is important to monitor and attenuate emerging contaminants before they can negatively affect the aquatic environment. However, due to the diversity and complexity of OMPs, there are limitations to using a single method for treating a combination of these pollutants. To address this issue, a mobile water treatment system (MWTS) equipped with different treatment units was designed to remove OMPs under field conditions. The MWTS was configured with various modular units including coagulation, flocculation, dissolved air flotation, membrane filtration, ozone oxidation, granular activated carbon, and UV disinfection. Each treatment unit could be operated either individually or in different combinations to identify the optimal configuration of treatment units for the removal of OMPs. To investigate the effectiveness of the MWTS, twelve OMPs were selected and introduced simultaneously into the feed water samples collected from different rivers throughout Korea. The current study proved that the MTWS is an effective solution to treat OMPs and is a time saving treatment system. The combined effects of the different treatment units removed over 99% of the selected OMPs, regardless of their physicochemical properties. Moreover, since the system is mobile, on-site analyses can be conducted to identify the most effective treatment method and configuration for each OMP.

Looking for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in wastewater treatment systems: Qualification and quantification aspects.

The current study developed a rationalized method for the quantification and identification of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in wastewaters. A review of current literature revealed that overall, presently available methods focused on single ENP mostly and were applicable mainly to samples of low organic loadings or under well-controlled laboratory conditions. In the present research, procedures including dialysis for desalting and low-temperature oxidation for organic removal were used to pretreat samples of high organic loadings, specifically, municipal wastewater and sludge. SEM mapping technique identified the presence of nanoparticles, which was followed by ICP-OES quantification of different engineering nanoparticles in wastewater and sludge samples collected from two major regional municipal wastewater treatment plants. Results showed successful identification and quantification of nano-size titanium and zinc oxides from wastewater treatment plants studied. Concentration profile was mapped out for the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) using the method developed in this research. Results also showed an overall 80% and 68% removal of titanium and zinc by primary and secondary sludge particulates, respectively. Mass flux of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) was also calculated to estimate the daily flow of engineered nanoparticles in the system.