Food waste-based pellets for feeding grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): Adding baker's yeast and enzymes to enhance growth and immunity.

Protein rich food waste could be used as raw materials for making fish feed pellets, which would diminish the volume of dumped waste into landfills. This study investigated the use of food waste (FW) based pellets composing of 75% food wastes derived from plant materials (cereals, fruit and vegetables) supplemented with yeast and the mixture of bromelain and papain to feed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Generally, improved growth performance (in terms of feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and relative weight gain) was observed in the diet groups supplemented with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The most optimal dose was 25 g/kg yeast with enzymes (bromelain and papain, at the ratio of 1:1) and protein utilization was enhanced. Fish immunity was also stimulated, which indicated by the higher nitroblue tetrazolium and bactericidal activities. Moreover, resistance against Aeromonas hydrophilia was enhanced. It is envisaged that food waste could be widely used as feeds for culturing herbivorous fish and adding supplements such as baker's yeast and enzymes will further enhance the feed conversion ratio and fish immunity.

Systemic Immunologic Consequences of Chronic Periodontitis.

Chronic periodontitis (ChP) is a prevalent inflammatory disease affecting 46% of the US population. ChP produces a profound local inflammatory response to dysbiotic oral microbiota that leads to destruction of alveolar bone and tooth loss. ChP is also associated with systemic illnesses, including cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying these adverse health outcomes are poorly understood. In this prospective cohort study, we used a highly multiplex mass cytometry immunoassay to perform an in-depth analysis of the systemic consequences of ChP in patients before (n = 28) and after (n = 16) periodontal treatment. A high-dimensional analysis of intracellular signaling networks revealed immune system-wide dysfunctions differentiating patients with ChP from healthy controls. Notably, we observed exaggerated proinflammatory responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccharide in circulating neutrophils and monocytes from patients with ChP. Simultaneously, natural killer cell responses to inflammatory cytokines were attenuated. Importantly, the immune alterations associated with ChP were no longer detectable 3 wk after periodontal treatment. Our findings demarcate systemic and cell-specific immune dysfunctions in patients with ChP, which can be temporarily reversed by the local treatment of ChP. Future studies in larger cohorts are needed to test the boundaries of generalizability of our results.

FCC to BCC transformation-induced plasticity based on thermodynamic phase stability in novel V10Cr10Fe45CoxNi35-x medium-entropy alloys.

We introduce a novel transformation-induced plasticity mechanism, i.e., a martensitic transformation from fcc phase to bcc phase, in medium-entropy alloys (MEAs). A VCrFeCoNi MEA system is designed by thermodynamic calculations in consideration of phase stability between bcc and fcc phases. The resultantly formed bcc martensite favorably contributes to the transformation-induced plasticity, thereby leading to a significant enhancement in both strength and ductility as well as strain hardening. We reveal the microstructural evolutions according to the Co-Ni balance and their contributions to a mechanical response. The Co-Ni balance plays a leading role in phase stability and consequently tunes the cryogenic-temperature strength-ductility balance. The main difference from recently-reported metastable high-entropy dual-phase alloys is the formation of bcc martensite as a daughter phase, which shows significant effects on strain hardening. The hcp phase in the present MEA mostly acts as a nucleation site for the bcc martensite. Our findings demonstrate that the fcc to bcc transformation can be an attractive route to a new MEA design strategy for improving cryogenic strength-ductility.

Cryogenic strength improvement by utilizing room-temperature deformation twinning in a partially recrystallized VCrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy.

The excellent cryogenic tensile properties of the CrMnFeCoNi alloy are generally caused by deformation twinning, which is difficult to achieve at room temperature because of insufficient stress for twinning. Here, we induced twinning at room temperature to improve the cryogenic tensile properties of the CrMnFeCoNi alloy. Considering grain size effects on the critical stress for twinning, twins were readily formed in the coarse microstructure by cold rolling without grain refinement by hot rolling. These twins were retained by partial recrystallization and played an important role in improving strength, allowing yield strengths approaching 1 GPa. The persistent elongation up to 46% as well as the tensile strength of 1.3 GPa are attributed to additional twinning in both recrystallized and non-recrystallization regions. Our results demonstrate that non-recrystallized grains, which are generally avoided in conventional alloys because of their deleterious effect on ductility, can be useful in achieving high-strength high-entropy alloys.

The use of food wastes as feed ingredients for culturing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in Hong Kong.

Different types of food wastes, e.g., meats, bones, cereals, fruits, and vegetables, were collected from hotels in Hong Kong, mixed in different ratio, and processed into feed pellets (food wastes (FWs) A, B, and C) for feeding trials in aquaculture species. Grass carp fed with cereal-dominant feed (FW A) showed the best growth (in terms of specific growth rate, relative weight gain, and protein efficiency ratio), among all food waste feeds. However, the growth rates of food waste groups especially the meat product-contained feeds (FW B and FW C) were lower than the commercial feed, Jinfeng(®) 613 formulation (control). The results indicated that grass carp utilized plant proteins better than animal proteins and preferred carbohydrate as a major energy source than lipid. The high-lipid content in feed containing meat products was also a possible reason for hindering growth and resulted high body lipid. It is suggested that lipid should be removed in the preparation of food waste feed or further investigations by implementing supplements, e.g., enzymes in feed to enhance lipid or protein utilization by fish. This utilization of food waste could be an effective and practical way to deal with these wastes in this densely populated city.

Upgrading food wastes by means of bromelain and papain to enhance growth and immunity of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

The fast growing of global aquaculture industry accompanied with increasing pressure on the supply and price of traditional feed materials (e.g., fish meal and soy bean meal). This circumstance has urged the need to search alternative sources of feed stuff. Food waste was used as feed stuff in rearing fish which possess substantial protein and lipid. Grass carp are major species reared in Hong Kong with lower nutritional requirements; it is also an ideal species for investigating the feasibility of using food waste as fish feeds for local aquaculture industry. The growth and immunity, reflected by total protein, total immunologlobulin (IgI), and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity of grass carp blood, were depressed when feeding with food waste feeds without enzymes. However, the supplementation of bromelain and papain in fish feed enhanced the efficient use of food waste by grass carp, which in turn improved the fish immunity. The present results indicated that the addition of those enzymes could enhance the feed utilization by fish and hematological parameters of grass carp, and the improvement on growth and immunity superior to the control (commercial feed) was observed with the addition of bromelain and papain supplement. Addition of 1 and 2 % mixture of bromelain and papain could significantly enhance the lipid utilization in grass carp.

Effects of the modified Huanglian Jiedu decoction on the disease resistance in grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) to Lactococcus garvieae.

Lactococcosis is prevalent on grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) in Hong Kong aquaculture resulting in serious economic loss. A compound formulation of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) (modified Huanglian Jiedu decoction (HLJDD)) comprising Rhizoma coptidis, Radix scutellaria, Cortex phellodendri, Fructus gardeniae, Fructus forsythiae and Flos lonicerae japonicae (in a ratio of 3:2:2:3:3:5) were applied as feed supplements to deal with the disease. The Nitroblue tetrazolium activity in blood, bactericidal activity and total immunoglobulin in plasma were significantly enhanced after feeding 1% of this TCM for 28 days. The disease resistances to Lactococcus garvieae in 1% and 2% TCM feeding groups were significantly enhanced. In the in vitro study, the modified HLJDD also activated the plasma bactericidal activities (p<0.01). Based on this study, 1% modified HLJDD feeding for 28 days may be an optimal dose to prevent L. garvieae infection and could be used in aquaculture industries.

Relationship between polymorphisms near the IL28B gene and spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Polymorphisms near the interleukin (IL) 28B gene have been proposed to be associated with spontaneous clearance of the hepatitis C virus. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between IL28B polymorphisms and the rate of spontaneous hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance by means of meta-analysis. MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE were utilized to identify relevant studies. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were analysed together to assess the strength of the association. Subgroup analyses were mainly performed according to ethnicity. A total of 4028 cases with persistent chronic hepatitis B and 2327 spontaneously recovered controls were included from 11 studies. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs12979860, had no significant association with HBsAg seroclearance (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.84-1.14 in the dominant model; OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.68-1.46 in the recessive model; and OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.82-1.09 in the allelic model). The SNP, rs12980275, had no significant association either (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.84-1.26 in the dominant model; OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.46-2.96 in the recessive model; and OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.86-1.26 in the allelic model), nor did the SNP, rs8099917 (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.77-1.15 in the dominant model; OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.34-1.62 in the recessive model; and OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.77-1.13 in the allelic model). Similarly, the results of subgroup analyses by ethnicity also showed no association in either the Asian group or non-Asian group. We concluded that there was no significant association between common IL28B polymorphisms and the rate of spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance.

Comparison of transcranial color-coded sonography and magnetic resonance angiography in acute ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study was designed to assess the accuracy of transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS) as compared to magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) for detecting intracranial arterial stenosis in patients with acute cerebral ischemia. METHODS: The authors prospectively identified 120 consecutive patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke and performed both TCCS and MRA with a mean interval of 1 day. TCCS data (sampling depth, peak systolic and end diastolic angle-corrected velocity, mean angle-corrected velocity, and pulsatility index) for middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) were compared to MRA data and classified into 4 grades: normal (grade 1): normal caliber and signal; mild stenosis (grade 2): irregular lumen with reduced signal; severe stenosis (grade 3): absent signal in the stenotic segment (flow gap) and reconstituted distal signal; and possible occlusion (grade 4): absent signal. The cutoffs were chosen to maximize diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement for MRA grading resulted in a weighted-kappa value of 0.776. The rate of poor temporal window was 37% (89/240). Doppler signals were obtained in 135 vessels, and the angle-corrected velocities (peak systolic, end diastolic, mean) were significantly different (P = .001, P = .006, and P < .001) among the MRA grades: grade 1 (100, 47, 68 cm/s), grade 2 (171, 72, 110 cm/s), grade 3 (226, 79, 134 cm/s), grade 4 (61, 26, 39 cm/s). Additionally, an angle-corrected MCA peak systolic velocity > or = 120 cm/s correlates with intracranial stenosis on MRA (grade 2 or worse) with high specificity (90.5%; 95% confidence interval = 78.5%-96.8%) and positive predictive value (93.9%) but relatively low sensitivity (66.7%; 95% confidence interval = 61.2%-69.5%) and negative predictive value (55.1%). CONCLUSION: Elevated MCA velocities on TCCS correlate with intracranial stenosis detected on MRA. An angle-corrected peak systolic velocity > or = 120 cm/s is highly specific for detecting intracranial stenosis as defined by significant MRA abnormality.

Ischemic stroke in a teenage girl with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

The diagnosis of stroke in children and young adults can be difficult, and the causes of ischemic stroke often remains unexplained even after extensive evaluation. We present a 13-year-old girl who had two ischemic strokes within a period of 3 weeks. A carotid duplex study and magnetic resonance angiography confirmed total occlusion of the left internal carotid artery. Serum immunologic examination revealed a high titer of immunoglobulin G anticardiolipin antibody (45.7 GPL U/mL; normal range, 0-16.2 GPL U/mL). The patient received long-term anticoagulation treatment with warfarin 5 to 7.5 mg per day, and international normalized ratios were maintained between 2.4 and 4.0. She recovered completely 5 weeks after the first stroke and has been well during the 6 months of follow-up after the onset. This is the first reported case of childhood ischemic stroke secondary to primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in Taiwan. This case emphasizes the importance of evaluating antiphospholipid antibody levels in patients with unexplained ischemic strokes.

Breast cancer detection using magnetic resonance imaging in breasts injected with liquid silicone.

Two patients who had received silicone injections in their breasts several years ago presented with breast complaints. Excluding cancer in these patients was very difficult. Mammograms were very difficult to interpret, as were the physical findings. Carcinoma was successfully detected by magnetic resonance imaging. When women who underwent the injudicious injection of silicone reach the cancer-prone age, the examining physicians should have a greater awareness of the detection and management of carcinoma coexistent with silicone mastopathy. We think that MRI is potentially valuable in the evaluation of the breast lesions; it plays an important role in the detection of breast cancer in breasts augmented with liquid silicone.

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma--an atypical MR manifestation.

We report the imaging findings, specifically magnetic resonance pictures of a non-cirrhotic case of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma in an older patient (60 years). Computed tomography revealed non-enhanced hypodense central scar without notable intratumoral calcification. MR imaging revealed a mass, which was homogeneously hypointense on T1-weighted images (T1WI) and turned hyperintense on T2-weighted images (T2WI). Stellate central scar was depicted with more hypointensity on T1WI, however, it became markedly hyperintense on T2WI. This manifestation is very different from the typical pattern reported in the literature. In gadolinium enhanced T1WI, the mass other than the central scar got enhanced. Fibronodular hyperplasia and fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma should be differentiated with reference to the clinical and imaging findings. Collagenous central scar was described pathologically within the latter. However, a discrepancy between the pathological and magnetic resonance pattern concerning the central scar which was collagenous and corresponding to hyperintensity on T2WI was found. To our knowledge no similar entity has been described in the literatures so far.

Afferent loop syndrome complicated by a duodenal phytobezoar after Billroth-II subtotal gastrectomy.

We illustrate a rare late onset (10 yr) complication of gastric surgery with a combination of afferent loop syndrome and a large duodenal bezoar. The patient underwent a subtotal gastrectomy with Billroth II gastrojejunal anastomosis for benign peptic ulcer 10 yr ago. It was not until several days before this presentation that he suffered from epigastralgia and abdominal distension. Leukocytosis and abnormal blood biochemistry were found including amylase, lipase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, GOT, and GPT in which amylase was markedly elevated to 1188 U/L. Abdominal ultrasound scan and especially CT scan confirmed the diagnosis of a large bezoar in the dilated duodenal afferent loop. To our knowledge, the rare entity in our case is the first reported in the literature.

Transcatheter control of intractible gastrointestinal bleeding.

A series of 23 patients with intractible gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding were managed by the transcatheter method. The series included 5 with hemobilia, 8 with upper GI (UGI) bleeding, 5 with lower GI (LGI) bleeding and 5 with variceal bleeding. The etiology of the hemobilia was surgery, or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage (PTCD) complicated by various degrees of biliary tract infection. The causes of UGI bleeding included erosive gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and traumatic duodenal laceration. All 5 LGI bleedings were due to ischemic colitis and all 5 variceal bleedings were due to hyperdynamic portal hypertension from arterio-portal (A-P) shunting for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Intra-arterial vasopressin infusion was performed on 17 (4, hemobilia; 8, UGI; and 5 LGI bleeding) of these 23 cases as initial management. The success rate for vasopressin in hemobilia, UGI and LGI bleeding was 75% (3/4), 38% (3/8), and 60% (3/5), respectively. The overall initial success rate of vasopressin was 52% (9/17). The relatively poor success rate of vasopressin infusion for UGI bleeding was due to ulcers and laceration. The incidence of rebleeding for vasopressin infusion was 22% (2/9) including one case each of UGI and LGI bleeding. Three patients (1 hemobilia and 2 UGI bleeding) among these 17 cases underwent transarterial embolization (TAE) after failure of intra-arterial vasopressin infusion. One of these 23 cases with hemobilia underwent TAE for initial transcatheter control of the GI bleeding. Five cases of active esophageal variceal bleeding, caused by A-P shunting in HCC, were all successfully controlled by TAE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)