Adaptation and validation of Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale in Chinese population.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Compulsive buying (CB) is a behavioral addiction that is conceptualized as an obsessive-compulsive and impulsive-control disorder. The Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (RCBS), a six-item self-reporting instrument that has been validated worldwide, was developed based on this theoretical background. This study aimed to adapt RCBS to the Chinese population (RCBS-TC) to guide future national and international prevalence studies. METHODS: This methodological study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved the forward and backward translation of RCBS, the content and face validation of the RCBS, and the evaluation of its translation adequacy. Phase 2 involved the psychometric testing of RCBS-TC for its internal consistency, stability, and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). RESULTS: In Phase 1, RCBS-TC obtained satisfactory item-level (I-CVI = 83.3%-100%) and scale-level content validity index (CVI/AVE = 97.2%), comprehensibility (100%), and translation adequacy [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.858]. In Phase 2, based on data collected from 821 adults, RCBS-TC demonstrated a satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .88; corrected item-total correlation coefficients = 0.61-0.78) 2-week test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.82 based on 61 university students). For construct validation, the CFA results indicated that the corrected first-order two-factor models were acceptable with the same goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/df = 8.56, CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.98, IFI = 0.99, and RMSEA = 0.09). The 2-week test-retest reliability of RCBS-TC (n = 61) was also satisfactory (ICC = 0.82). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This methodological study adopted appropriate and stringent procedures to ensure that the translation and validation of RCBS-TC was of quality. The results indicate that this scale has a satisfactory reliability and validity for the Chinese population.

Preliminary investigation on prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia: Should we tune our focus on healthy adults?

AIM: Osteoporosis and osteopenia are global health problems with increasing trend, particularly in developed regions. Apart from traditional well-recognized high-risk groups (i.e. postmenopausal women and elders), prevalence of such problems among adults should not be ignored because of the advantages of early detection and health promotion. Therefore, this preliminary study aims to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia among adult office workers, which represented a relatively large proportion of the population in urbanized cities. METHODS: An GE-Lunar Achilles ultrasonometer was used to screen the bone mineral density (BMD) of 80 participants. RESULTS: The BMD T-score ranged from -3 to 3.5. The majority of the participants had normal BMD result (T-score, ≥ -1), whereas 35% was classified as abnormal (T-score, < -1) including 31.3% osteopenia and 3.8% osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: High prevalence rate of abnormal BMD among healthy adults should be further studied in this population. The findings also suggest that the current ignorance in adulthood may increase the prevalence of osteoporotic fractures in the future.