RESUMO
Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis (PKMB) is an uncommon premalignant condition involving the glans penis. We report the case of an 86-year-old man who presented with phimosis and pain on retracting his foreskin. He had previously undergone circumcision, which revealed a hyperkeratotic plaque with thin mica-like scales involving his glans penis. Histology of the lesion showed hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, epidermal acanthosis and papillomatosis with no evidence of dysplasia. Immunohistochemistry for human papillomavirus was negative. The patient was treated with topical 5-fluorouracil and liquid nitrogen with clinical improvement. He is now under long-term surveillance for verrucous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis is a serious hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset and may result in death. A number of guidelines recommend glucocorticoids for the treatment of people experiencing anaphylaxis. OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the benefits and harms of glucocorticoid treatment during episodes of anaphylaxis. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2009, Issue 3), MEDLINE (Ovid) (1966 to September 2009), EMBASE (Ovid) (1988 to September 2009), CINAHL (EBSCOhost) (to September 2009) and The Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) (1945 to September 2009). We also searched the UK National Research Register and websites listing ongoing trials and contacted international experts in anaphylaxis in an attempt to locate unpublished material. We sought to include randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing glucocorticoids with any control (either placebo, adrenaline (epinephrine), an antihistamine, or any combination of these). Two authors independently assessed articles for inclusion. RESULTS: None of the 2496 reports identified satisfied the inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there is no evidence from high-quality studies for the use of steroids in the emergency management of anaphylaxis. Therefore, we can neither support nor refute the use of these drugs for this purpose.
