Small Cell Type Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Gall Bladder with Pas Positive Hyaline Globule Masquerading as Liver Mass: A Case Report and Literature Review.

An undifferentiated carcinoma (UC) of the gall bladder behaves aggressively and has a grave prognosis. Small cell type undifferentiated carcinoma of the gall bladder is a rare variant. This paper reports a case of UC of gall bladder with PAS-positive diastase- resistant eosinophilic hyaline globules present as liver mass (on imaging) in a male patient. The microscopic findings of the liver and gall bladder after a right tri-segmentectomy showed an un-differentiated malignant neoplasm composed of cells with round to oval nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and scanty neoplasm. No definite cell pattern was identified with these neoplastic cells. A section from the gall bladder revealed a tumor arising from the lining epithelium and infiltrating through the muscularis. This tumor was infiltrating the adherent liver tissue directly and forming a mass of undifferentiated malignant cells. The focal area within the tumor mass showed the presence of PAS-positive, diastase-resistant, eosinophilic hyaline globules within the neoplastic cells. The immunohistochemistry test was diffusely positive for perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and negative for chromogranin, vimentin, Desmin, alpha-fetoprotein, leukocyte common antigen, CD34, and bcl2. When the clinical and radiological data are inconclusive, careful analysis of the histological and immunophenotypic features is needed to make the final diagnosis of UC of the gall bladder. The biological behavior and prognosis of this tumor remain unclear because of its rarity. Further studies will be needed to understand the characteristics of this deadly tumor and to establish an effective therapy for it.

Venous outflow reconstruction using a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft in right lobe living donor liver transplantation: A single center study.

BACKGROUND: Venous outflow reconstruction is very important especially in right lobe living donor liver transplantation without middle hepatic vein. Various interposition (venous or synthetic) grafts have been recommended for reconstruction of anterior sector tributaries. METHODS: We aimed to describe our surgical technique and analyze anterior sector venous reconstruction using expanded polytetrafluroethylene graft. Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data for 760 primary right lobe living donor liver transplantations performed at our institute between December 2011 and June 2018. Reconstruction of anterior sector: expanded polytetrafluroethylene (group A, n = 705) and autologous vein (group B, n = 55). RESULTS: Pretransplant characteristics were comparable among both groups. Group A has significantly lower cold ischemia time (68.7 ± .3.5 minutes vs 127.8 ± 7.2 minutes; P < .001) and anhepatic time (116.3 ± 5.5 minutes vs 190.81 ± 9.35 minutes; P < .001) compared with group B. There was no difference in recovery pattern of liver functions, morbidity, and mortality between the 2 groups. One- and 6-month patency rates of interposition grafts were 97.6% and 84.4% (group A) and 96.4% and 78.1% (group B), respectively. CONCLUSION: In centers with limited access to homologous or autologous vascular grafts, use of expanded polytetrafluroethylene graft for anterior sector venous outflow reconstruction in right lobe living donor liver transplantation is a viable option with excellent patency and patient outcomes.

Analysis of caudate lobe biliary anatomy and its implications in living donor liver transplantation - a single centre prospective study.

Biliary complications are a significant cause of morbidity after living donor liver transplant (LDLT). Bile leak may occur from bile duct (anastomotic site in recipient and repaired bile duct stump in donor), cystic duct stump, cut surface pedicles or from divided caudate ducts. The first three sites are amenable to post-operative endoscopic stenting as they are in continuation with biliary ductal system. However, leaks from divided isolated caudate ducts can be stubborn. To minimize caudate duct bile leaks, it is important to understand the anatomy of hilum with attention to the caudate lobe biliary drainage. This single-centre prospective study of 500 consecutive LDLTs between December 2011 and December 2016 aims to define the biliary anatomy of the caudate lobe in liver donors based on intraoperative cholangiograms (IOCs) with special attention to crossover caudate ducts and to study their implications in LDLT. Caudate ducts were identified in 468 of the 500 IOCs. Incidence of left-to-right crossover drainage was 61.37% and right to left was 21.45%. Incidence of bile leak in donors was 0.8% and in recipients was 2.2%. Proper intraoperative identification and closure of divided isolated caudate ducts can prevent bile leak in donors as well as recipients.

Dengue Virus Transmission from Living Donor to Recipient in Liver Transplantation: A Case Report.

Many infections are transmitted from a donor to a recipient through organ transplantations. The transmission of dengue virus from a donor to a recipient in liver transplantation is a rare entity, and currently, there is no recommendation for screening this virus prior to transplantation. We report a case of transmission of dengue virus from donor to recipient after liver transplantation. The recipient had a history of multiple admissions for hepatic encephalopathy and ascites. He was admitted in the ICU for 15 days for chronic liver disease, ascites, and acute kidney injury before transplantation. The donor was admitted 1 day before transplantation. The donor spiked fever on postoperative day 2 followed by thrombocytopenia and elevated liver enzymes. The donor blood test was positive for dengue NS1 antigen. The recipient also had a similar clinical picture on postoperative day 5 and his blood test was also positive for dengue NS1 antigen. Hence, the diagnosis for posttransplant donor-derived allograft-related transmission of dengue infection was made. Both recipient and donor were treated with supportive measures and discharged after their full recovery on postoperative days 9 and 18, respectively. The effect of immunosuppression on dengue presentation is still unclear and there is lack of literature available. In our case, the recipient developed dengue fever similar to general population without showing any feature of severe graft dysfunction. We have concluded that dengue virus can also be transmitted from donor to recipient, and immunosuppression did not have any adverse effect on the evolution of dengue fever within the recipient. Delhi being a hyperendemic zone, screening for donors (especially in season time) for dengue virus seems to be the best preventive method to control donor-derived transmission of dengue to recipient.

Targeting the Achilles' heel of adult living donor liver transplant: Corner-sparing sutures with mucosal eversion technique of biliary anastomosis.

Biliary complications are regarded as the Achilles' heel of liver transplantation, especially for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) due to smaller, multiple ducts and difficult ductal anatomy. Overall biliary complications reported in most series are between 10% and 30%. This study describes our modified technique of biliary anastomosis and its effects on incidence of biliary complications. This was a single-center retrospective study of 148 adult LDLT recipients between December 2011 and June 2014. Group 1 (n = 40) consisted of the first 40 patients for whom the standard technique of biliary anastomosis (minimal hilar dissection during donor duct division, high hilar division of the recipient bile duct, and preservation of the recipient duct periductal tissue) was used. Group 2 (n = 108) consisted of 108 patients for whom biliary anastomosis was done with the addition of corner-sparing sutures and mucosal eversion of the recipient duct to the standard technique. Primary outcome measures included biliary complications (biliary leaks and strictures). Biliary complications occurred in 7/40 patients in group 1 (17.5%) and in 4/108 patients in group 2 (3.7%). The technical factors mentioned above are aimed at preserving the blood supply of the donor and recipient ducts and hold the key for minimizing biliary complications in adult-to-adult LDLT.

Laparoscopy-assisted hepatectomy versus conventional (open) hepatectomy for living donors: when you know better, you do better.

The conventional incision for donor hepatectomy is a right subcostal incision with a midline extension. With increased experience in both donor hepatectomy and laparoscopy, the conventional incision can be shortened to a significant extent. Laparoscopic mobilization of the liver coupled with a hand port allows the insertion of one hand inside the abdomen for control; this makes small-incision donor hepatectomy a technically feasible alternative. We compared 26 right lobe donor hepatectomies performed with a laparoscopy-assisted technique (the laparoscopy-assisted donor hepatectomy group) to 24 donor hepatectomies performed with the conventional open technique (the conventional donor hepatectomy group). The donors in both groups and their recipients were followed for 6 months. Pain, discomfort related to the scar [including abdominal wall sensorineural deficits (numbness and differences in tactile and temperature sensations) and tightness around the scar], and donor quality of life (assessed with the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form 8 scoring system) were compared between the 2 groups. In conclusion, laparoscopy-assisted surgery can be a technically feasible alternative in experienced hands, and as with other minimally invasive surgeries, it has advantages such as significantly less pain, reduced incision-related complications, and better donor quality of life during the early postoperative period without compromising donor safety.