[The actual image of male patients with paranoid schizophrenia in perception of the patients themselves and their parents]. / Aktualny obraz mezczyzn chorych na schizofrenie paranoidalna w percepcji ich samych i ich rodziców.

AIM: The aim of this study was to answer following questions: Does the self-image of male schizophrenics differ from the image their parents have? Do parents judge their sons more negatively or more positively than they themselves do? Are opinions of the mothers and fathers different or consistent? METHODS: 30 unmarried male patients with paranoid schizophrenia (diagnosis based on ICD-10) were included in the study. All subjects lived with their parental families. In all cases, families were complete. Subjects were aged 18-23 (x = 23.23). The mean time of duration of disease was 2.37 (range 0.5-5 years) and the mean hospitalization number was 1.7 (range 1-4). All subjects had completed primary education. 3 subjects graduated from university and the rest of them continued education in vocational or secondary schools as well as universities. The study was carried out during the last week before discharge from the hospital. The Adjective Check List (ACL) of Gough and Heilbrun was used in the study. Subjects filled out the questionnaire in accordance with instructions "I am" and parents in accordance with the instruction "My son is". Three different types of present images of patients were obtained: patient self-image, the image their mother and their fathers have and they were compared using ANOVA. RESULTS: Comparison of actual self-images of male schizophrenics with present images of schizophrenics their mothers have revealed 26 statistically significant differences, and with present images of schizophrenics their fathers have revealed 23 statistically significant differences. The differences between images of schizophrenics obtained from their mothers and their fathers were statistically significant in 2 cases only. CONCLUSIONS: Self-opinion of the males diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia is more positive than the opinion their mothers and fathers have of them. Self-images of the males diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and images their mothers have are different. Mothers have a more negative opinion of their sons than their sons have of themselves. Self-images of males diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and images their fathers have are different. Fathers have a more negative opinion of their sons than their sons have of themselves. Generally fathers and mothers perceive their sons in the same way.

[Self-concept in schizophrenics--a survey of studies]. / Koncepcja siebie chorych na schizofrenie--przeglad badan.

The article is a survey of studies concerned with self-concept, self-esteem and self-acceptance in schizophrenics.The aim of the paper is to present current research on self-image (the term 'self-concept' has been increasingly used in recent studies) although without critical analysis. In specialist literature one can distinguish three basic trends of research concerned with the relationships between the self-concept in schizophrenics and the illness process. The first one relates to the nature of self-concept in schizophrenics and contrasts it with that of normal control subjects, as well as includes the research on self-esteem and self-acceptance levels. The other trend takes into account the sex of the examined patients and the third focuses on interrelations between self-concept and other illness-related factors. The article focuses on the first and the second trend. It comprises of three parts. The first one presents the current research on self-concept, self-esteem and self-acceptance in schizophrenics. The second part looks into the relationships between the self-concept and other factors (e.g. disease duration, psychopathological symptoms, therapy). The last part is an overview of research on self-concept and perception of others, as well as the perception of patients by others.

[Personality changes in paranoid schizophrenics in perception of patients and their parents]. / Zmiany osobowosci u chorych na schizofrenie paranoidalna w percepcji pacjentów i ich rodziców.

AIM: The aim of the paper was to describe and compare personality changes in paranoid schizophrenics in the perception of patients and their parents. METHOD: 50 paranoid schizophrenics (ICD-10) and their parents were tested using the ACL test. Patients completed the ACL test using instructions "I am" and "Before the illness I was", while for the parents it was: "My child is" and "Before the illness my child was." RESULTS: Differences between real and retrospective images were treated as the measure of changes. There were 10 differences in the perception of patients, 23 differences in perception of the mothers and 28 differences in perception of the fathers. All these reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The sense of self-change in patients is seen as a lower need for exhibition, dominance, aggression, autonomy, self-confidence, in personal adjustment and ideal self scale while higher need for abasement, deference and self-control. Mothers notice more than twice and fathers almost three times more the changes in personality of their children than their children themselves. Lower need for exhibition, dominance, self-confidence, personal adjustment and in ideal self scale and higher need for abasement was observed in the group of patients as well as in the group of mothers and fathers. The level of perception of personality changes in children was similar for both mothers and fathers.

[Parent-child relations and sense of control in the perception of girls with anorexia]. / Postawy rodzicielskie a poczucie kontroli w percepcji dziewczat z anoreksja.

AIM: The aim of this study was to look for any relationships between the parent-child relations and sense of control in the perception of girls with anorexia. METHOD: The examined group consisted of 30 girls aged 15-23 years, diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (ICD-10) and 30 healthy girls of the same age (15-23). Parent-child relations were examined using the Parent-Child Relations Questionnaire (PCR, A. Roe and M. Siegelman) and a belief in control with the use of Inter-External Control Scale (IE, J. Rotter). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Statistical and clinical analysis of the results obtained allowed us to formulate the following conclusions: (1) Mother-child relations as perceived by the girls with anorexia are ambivalent. (2) The fathers of the girls with anorexia are rated as being more rejecting and less loving as compared to the fathers of healthy girls. (3) There are differences between father-child relations and mother-child relations both in the experimental and the control group. (4) Compared to their fathers, the mothers are rated by the daughters from both groups as being more loving and protecting. (5) The patients' fathers are rated as being more rejecting than their mothers, whereas the healthy girls report more demanding fathers than mothers. (6) External control in girls with anorexia is connected with rejecting and hostile mothers. (7) Internal control in healthy girls is linked to the approving and loving mothers and fathers.

[Interdependencies between the actual self-image and the actual image of parents in women with anorexia nervosa]. / Wspólzaleznosci miedzy realnymi obrazami siebie i rodziców kobiet chorych na jadlowstret psychiczny.

AIM: The aim of the study was to answer the following research problem: what dependencies occur between actual images of women with anorexia and actual images of their mothers and fathers in their daughters' perception? TEST GROUP AND METHOD: The examined group consisted of 30 patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, undergoing treatment at the Department of Psychiatry of the Medical University in Lublin. The average age of the examined females was 21 years. All patients had a secondary level education. The actual images were examined using the Gough and Heilbrun Adjective Check List (ACL), which was completed by the patients three times following the instruction: "I am", "my mother is", "my father is". RESULTS: Statistically significant positive correlations were obtained between actual images of the patients and their mothers in 10 ACL scales, whereas between actual images of the patients and their fathers--in 15 scales. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Dependencies between the images of the patients and their mothers (in the daughters' perception) were found regarding self-control, order, diligence, loyalty, autonomy, confidence and avoiding conflicts. 2. The following relationships occur between the images of the patients and their fathers (in their daughters' perception) regarding self-evaluation, autonomy, aggression, understanding the motives of one's own behaviour, self-confidence, ability to cope with stress, nurturance and spontaneity. 3. The images of patients are connected both to the images of their mothers as well as fathers as regards: self-confidence, self-reliance, sense of one's effectiveness, autonomy, narcissism and difficulties in abandoning subordinated children's roles.

[Interdependencies between the ideal self-image and the ideal image of parents in women with anorexia nervosa]. / Wspólzaleznosci miedzy idealnymi obrazami siebie i rodziców kobiet chorych na jadlowstret psychiczny.

AIM: The aim of this work was to answer the following question: in the perception of patients, what kind of dependencies occur between ideal images of women with anorexia and ideal images of their mothers and fathers. TEST GROUP AND METHOD: The examined group consisted of 30 patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, undergoing treatment at the Department of Psychiatry of the Medical University in Lublin. The average age of the examined females was 21 years. The ideal images were examined with the Gough and Heilbrun Adjective Check List (ACL), which was completed by the patients three times following the instruction: "I would like to be", "I would like my mother to be", "I would like my father to be". RESULTS: 24 statistically significant correlations were obtained between ideal images of the patients and their mothers, whereas between the ideal images of the patients and their fathers the number of positive significant correlations was 21. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Dependencies were found between ideal images of the patients and their mothers as regards nurturance, intraception, affiliation, exhibition, dominance, autonomy, abasement and heterosexuality, self-discipline, self-control, ambition, diligence and self-confidence. 2. Dependencies were found between ideal images of the patients and their fathers as regards achievement, dominance, intraception, nurturance, affiliation, autonomy, aggression, exhibition and heterosexuality, self-control, ambition, resoluteness, self-confidence as well as such characteristics as: protectiveness, spontaneity and responsibility. 3. The following dependencies occur between ideal images of mothers and ideal images of fathers as perceived by women with anorexia: need for dominance, exhibition, heterosexuality and nurturance, deference and ambition.

[Interdependencies between anxiety versus premorbid and present self-image in patients with paranoid schizophrenia]. / Wspólzaleznosci miedzy lekiem a przedchorobowym i aktualnym obrazem siebie u chorych na schizofrenie paranoidalna.

AIM: The aim of this work was to determine the relationship between anxiety versus premorbid and present self-image in patients with paranoid schizophrenia hospitalized for the first time as well as many a times. TESTED GROUP/MATERIAL: The test group consisted of 120 patients, hospitalized for the first time, aged 19-20 years and diagnosed according to ICD-10 with paranoid schizophrenia, who had suffered from this illness for a period not longer than 2 years. The other group consisted of patients aged 25 - 46, who had suffered from this disease for 5 - 15 years and who had been hospitalized many a times (3 > 10). METHODS: In the tests' the H.G. Gough and A.B. Heilbrunn ACL Adjective test and R. Cattell's Ipat Anxiety Scale were used. The ACL test was done by the patients following the instruction "I am", "before the illness I was". The average, general anxiety level was correlated with the scales of the ACL test of the premorbid image and the present image in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The anxiety in patients with paranoid schizophrenia is connected both to the premorbid and the present self-image. 2. There is a more frequent and stronger relationship between anxiety and present self-images. 3. There are more interdependencies between anxiety and premorbid self-image in patients hospitalized for the first time. 4. There are more interdependencies between anxiety and present self-image in patients with chronic schizophrenia. 5. After the treatment there is no change of the direction of interdependencies but the strength of the relationship is getting deeper, the above tendency being manifested more often and stronger within the chronic group. 6. The higher the anxiety level, the more negative the self-esteem and the greater the need for support, whereas the need for self-accomplishment is lower.

[Connection between stressful live events with mental disorders]. / Zwiazek stresujacych wydarzen zyciowych z zaburzeniami stanu psychicznego.

AIM: The aim of the paper is to study the differences between the mentally ill and a control group correlated with stressful live events and its connection with a sense of coherence. METHODS: The group of 108 people, 49 psychiatric patients and 64 people without any mental disorders, were examined with the Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale, Early Trauma Inventory, Social Readjustment Scale and the Sense of Coherence Scale. RESULTS: Patients with mental disorders had a significantly higher occurrence of stressful psychosocial factors during the last year, and also they were exposed to traumatic events in childhood more frequently than the control group. The sense of coherence, as a measurement of resources in coping with stress, was significantly lower in the case of the psychiatric patients. Statistically significant dependence of anxiety and depression symptoms which were reported by patients with mental disorders with abuses which were experienced in childhood highly correlated with a sense of coherence in the group of psychiatric patients. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric patients experienced stressful life events in childhood more frequently, which had to do with a sense of coherence as measure of 'resistance' resources to cope with stressful events.

[Delusional disorders in the course of tick-born encephalitis and borreliosis in patients with hemophilia A and posttraumatic epilepsy--diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties]. / Zaburzenia urojeniowe (podobne do schizofrenii) w przebiegu kleszczowego zapalenia mózgu i boreliozy u chorego z hemofilia typu A i padaczka pourazowa--trudnosci diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne.

The aim of our work was to present the difficulties of the diagnosis and treatment which occurred during hospitalization of a 22-year-old patient diagnosed with type A hemophilia, posttraumatic epilepsy and carrier state of viral hepatitis C. The patient was transferred from Psychiatric Ward of Hospital in Parczew to the Psychiatric Clinical Hospital of Medical University in Lublin due to difficulties in settlement of diagnosis and to lack of the treatment effects. The anamnesis results showed that patient had triple febrile episodes after a trip to Romania; the last one included extreme excitement with suicidal attempt, nihilistic and catastrophic delusions. A co-traveler colleague was diagnosed with borreliosis. In our clinical ward many diagnostic procedures were conducted, obtaining significant increase of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies, due to which suitable treatment was initiated and minimum improvement of psychical state was obtained. The patient was tested many times by internist, neurologist, and specialist in infectious diseases. In the CT and EEG test no pathological state was revealed in CNS, only the results of the test in the direction of tick bone encephalitis (TBE) showed TBE. During a 3-month period a schizophreniphorm syndrome was observed: he refused consumption of meals, behaved aggressively, had auditory hallucinations, expressed many delusions, was periodically in disturbed consciousness, turned himself in many famous characters (e.g. Wlad Palownik, Pope, Koziolek Matolek, Boguslaw Linda). After four months of hospitalization we reached full remission of physical and mental state and the patients was discharged from hospital.

[The self-image and the image of other people in the perception of patients with anorexia nervosa]. / Obraz siebie a obraz innych ludzi w percepcji pacjentek chorych na jadlowstret psychiczny.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the self-image and the image of other people in the perception of female patients with anorexia nervosa. METHOD: Thirty women with anorexia nervosa were investigated during hospitalisation in the Psychiatric Department of the Medical School of Lublin. The mean age of patients was 20 years. The Adjective Check List (ACL) of Gough and Heilbrunn was used with the instruction: how you are, how would you like to be, how are the other people. RESULTS: The measurement gave us the possibility to obtain the real and ideal self-image and the real image of the other people. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences between self-image and the image of other people in the perception of anorectic females in connection with self-acceptance, self-control, the need of intraception, nurturance, exhibition, autonomy, aggression, need of abasement, difference, the scale of masculine attributes, the scale of feminine attributes and the scale of the free child. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences occurred also in the scale based on the results. The final conclusions are as follows: 1) Anorectic females show negative self-image and even a more negative image of other people. 2) According to anorectic females the people are more aggressive, more self-issued, avoiding close contacts, manipulating, tending to gain autonomy and to be in the centre of the group's attention.

[The self-acceptance and the acceptance of the parents by patients with anorexia nervosa]. / Akceptacja siebie i rodziców przez kobiety z jadlowstretem psychicznym.

AIM: The aim of this work is to describe the relationship between self-esteem and characteristics of self image and acceptance of parents and the characteristics of their images in the perception of patients with anorexia nervosa. METHOD: The test group consisted of 30 patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa undergoing a treatment in the Department of Psychiatry of the Medical Academy in Lublin. The average age of the examined patients was 20 years. All patients had secondary education. In my work the ACL Gough and Heilbrun Adjectival Test was used which was completed by the examined women three times following the instruction: "I am", "my mother is", "my father is". As a result the actual images of the patients as well as of their mothers and fathers were obtained. The esteem rates were calculated by comparing the number of positive adjectives to the number of negative adjectives used by the patients to evaluate individual persons. The interdependencies between esteem rates and the characteristics of the actual images of these persons were determined based on the r-Pearson correlation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicated the existence of crucial statistic dependencies between the variables analysed and constituted the basis for the formulation of the following conclusions: 1. Patients are characterised by a low self-esteem and a low acceptance level of their parents. They accept their fathers in the smallest degree, compared to that their self-esteem is higher and the acceptance of their mothers is the highest. 2. Self-esteem is related in a significant way to the characteristics of self image such as: sense of responsibility, autonomy, ability to accomplish life objectives and establishing close relationships with other people. 3. The acceptance of their mothers is related to the characteristics typical of them such as: protectiveness, ability to establish and maintain positive interpersonal relationships, empathy and understanding the motives of their own behaviour and those of other people. 4. The acceptance of their fathers is related in a significant way to such characteristics discerned in them as: perseverance, ability to work hard, protectiveness, responsibility and ability to cope with tasks and problems and establishing close relationships with other people.