PD-L1 Expression in High-Risk Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer-Its Clinical and Biological Significance in Immune Microenvironment.

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint molecule that can regulate immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME); however, the clinical applications of PD-L1 in early-stage colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between PD-L1 expression and survival outcome and explore its relevant immune responses in CRC. PD-L1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining to determine the tumor proportion score and combined positive score (CPS) in a Taiwanese CRC cohort. The oncomine immune response research assay was conducted for immune gene expression analyses. CRC datasets from the TCGA database were reappraised for PD-L1-associated gene enrichment analyses using GSEA. The high expression of PD-L1 (CPS ≥ 5) was associated with longer recurrence-free survival (p = 0.031) and was an independent prognostic factor as revealed by multivariate analysis. High PD-L1 expression was related to six immune-related gene signatures, and CXCL9 is the most significant overexpressed gene in differential analyses. High CXCL9 expression correlated with increased infiltration levels of immune cells in the TME, including CD8+ T lymphocytes and M1 macrophages. These findings suggest that high PD-L1 expression is a prognostic factor of early-stage CRC, and CXCL9 may play a key role in regulating PD-L1 expression.

Serum Sickness-Like Reactions After Pneumococcal Vaccination.

Serum sickness or serum sickness-like reactions (SSLRs) constitute a rare complication that manifests in individuals after receiving vaccinations. In this case report, we present a patient with typical symptoms of SSLRs after pneumococcal vaccination. The time course of this disease and our diagnostic process are documented in detail. The literature related to serum sickness and SSLRs is also reviewed.