Synthesis of a dendritic cell-targeted self-assembled polymeric nanoparticle for selective delivery of mRNA vaccines to elicit enhanced immune responses.

Recent development of SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccines to control the pandemic is a breakthrough in the field of vaccine development. mRNA vaccines are generally formulated with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) which are composed of several lipids with specific ratios; however, they generally lack selective delivery. To develop a selective delivery method for mRNA vaccine formulation, we reported here the synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) composed of a guanidine copolymer containing zwitterionic groups and a dendritic cell (DC)-targeted aryl-trimannoside ligand for encapsulation and selective delivery of an mRNA to dendritic cells. A DC-targeted SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA-PNP vaccine was shown to elicit a stronger protective immune response in mice compared to the traditional mRNA-LNP vaccine and those without the selective delivery design. It is anticipated that this technology is generally applicable to other mRNA vaccines for DC-targeted delivery with enhanced immune response.

How Chi Sequence Modifies RecBCD Single-Stranded DNA Translocase Activity.

E. coli RecBCD initiates homologous repair as well as degrades foreign DNA. Recognition of chi sequence (5'-GCTGGTGG-3') switches RecBCD from a destructive, nucleolytic mode into a repair-active one that promotes RecA-mediated recombination. RecBCD includes a 3'-to-5' single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) translocase in RecB subunit, a 5'-to-3' translocase in RecD, and a secondary translocase activity associated with RecBC. To understand how chi specifically affects each translocase activity, we directly visualized individual RecBCD translocating along DNA substrates containing a ssDNA gap of different polarities, with or without chi. Disappearance of RecBCD from the ssDNA signals the loss of the ssDNA translocase activity. For substrates containing a ssDNA gap that RecBCD encounters in the 3'-to-5' polarity (3'-to-5' ssDNA), wild-type RecBCD disappears from the DNA substrates with similarly high percentage, either with chi or without. This suggests that (1) the 3'-to-5' translocase in RecB is unaffected by chi and (2) it is low in processivity. With substrates containing a ssDNA gap that RecBCD encounters in the 5'-to-3' polarity (5'-to-3' ssDNA), we found that the leaving percentage increases significantly with chi, implying inactivation of the 5'-to-3' translocase of RecD upon chi recognition. Surprisingly, the RecD defective mutant RecBCDK177Q showed only ≈50 % leaving on 5'-to-3' ssDNA, directly revealing the presence of RecBC secondary translocase and its activity is unaffected by chi. Multiple ssDNA translocases within the RecBCD complex both before and after chi ensures processive unwinding of DNA substrates required for efficient recombination events.

Direct observation of RecBCD helicase as single-stranded DNA translocases.

The heterotrimeric Escherichia coli RecBCD enzyme comprises two helicase motors with different polarities: RecB (3'-to-5') and RecD (5'-to-3'). This superfamily I helicase is responsible for initiating DNA double-strand-break (DSB) repair in the homologous recombination pathway. We used single-molecule tethered particle motion (TPM) experiments to visualize the RecBCD helicase translocation over long single-stranded (ss) DNA (>200 nt) with no apparent secondary structure. The bead-labeled RecBCD helicases were found to bind to the surface-immobilized blunt-end DNA, and translocate along the DNA substrates containing an ssDNA gap, resulting in a gradual decrease in the bead Brownian motion. Successful observation of RecBCD translocation over a long gap in either 3'-to-5' or 5'-to-3' ssDNA direction indicates that RecBCD helicase possesses ssDNA translocase activities in both polarities. Most RecBCD active tethers showed full translocation across the ssDNA to the dsDNA region, with about 19% of enzymes dissociated from the ss/dsDNA junction after translocating across the ssDNA region. In addition, we prepared DNA substrates containing two opposite polarities (5'-to-3' and 3'-to-5') of ssDNA regions intermitted by duplex DNA. RecBCD was able to translocate across both ssDNA regions in either ssDNA orientation orders, with less than 40% of tethers dissociating when entering into the second ssDNA region. These results suggest a model that RecBCD is able to switch between ssDNA translocases and rethread the other strand of ssDNA.