RESUMO
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Hai Phong, northern Vietnam, was characterized by analyzing the prevalence and genotype distribution of HBV as well as co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among five different risk groups for HIV infection. Plasma samples were collected from intravenous drug users (n=760, anti-HIV-1 antibody positive rate: 35.9%), female sex workers (FSWs; n=91, 23.1%), seafarers (n=94, 0%), pregnant women (n=200, 0.5%), and blood donors (n=210, 2.9%) in 2007 [Ishizaki et al. (2009): AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 25:175-182]. Samples were screened for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HBs antibody and analyzed genetically. The cumulative HBV incidence rate (HBsAg+anti-HBs) was 53.2% (10.7+42.5%) in intravenous drug users, 51.6% (11.0+40.6%) in FSWs, 54.3% (9.6+44.7%) in seafarers, 50.5% (12.5+38.0%) in pregnant women, and 51.0% (18.1+32.9%) in blood donors; there was no significant difference among these groups. Of 163 HBsAg-positive samples, 113 could be analyzed genetically. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the preS1 region, revealed genotype B4 was most prevalent (90/113; 79.6%), followed by C1 (17.7%), I1 (1.8%), and B2 (0.9%). There was no significant difference in HBV genotype distribution among different HIV infection-risk groups. The prevalence of HBsAg was 10.3% (31/301) in HIV-1-infected individuals and 12.5% (132/1,054) in non-HIV-1-infected individuals, which was not significant. In addition, no significant difference in HBV genotype distribution was observed between HBV/HIV-1 coinfected and HBV mono-infected groups. These results suggest that, although HBV and HIV-1 share modes of transmission, major transmission routes of HBV have been different from those of HIV-1 in Hai Phong, Vietnam.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Hepatite B/complicações , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Hepatite B/transmissão , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filogenia , Gravidez , Prevalência , Precursores de Proteínas/genética , Fatores de Risco , Vietnã/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
To identify hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission routes among injection drug users in Northern Vietnam, plasma samples were collected from 486 drug users in Hai Phong. Plasma viral RNA was extracted from 323 (66.5%) samples that were positive for anti-HCV antibodies. Portions of the HCV 5'-untranslated (5'UTR)-Core and NS5B genes were amplified by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, sequenced directly, and genotyped in 194 and 195 specimens, respectively. Both regions were genotyped in 137 specimens. In the 5'UTR-Core region, genotype 6a was predominant (32.5%), followed by genotype 1a (23.7%), genotype 1b (20.6%), and genotype 6e (14.4%). In the NS5B region, genotype 1a was predominant (42.6%), followed by genotype 1b (24.1%), genotype 6a (14.4%), genotype 3b (7.2%), and genotype 6e (5.1%). Of the 137 specimens with both regions genotyped, 23 (16.8%) showed discordant genotyping results between the two regions, suggesting possible recombination and/or dual infection. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close associations between Hai Phong strains and strains from Southern China: the Yunnan province for genotype 3b; the Guangxi province for genotype 6e; the USA for genotype 1a; and Southern Vietnam for genotypes 1a and 6e. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rate among HCV-infected injection drug users was 52.6-55.4% and did not differ significantly by HCV genotype. Most drug users infected with HIV-1 [98.8% (171/173)] were co-infected with HCV. These results suggest multiple routes of HCV transmission among injection drug users in Northern Vietnam that may also be HIV transmission routes.
Assuntos
Usuários de Drogas , Hepacivirus/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite C/epidemiologia , Hepatite C/transmissão , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/complicações , Regiões 5' não Traduzidas , Adulto , Idoso , Análise por Conglomerados , Comorbidade , Genótipo , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Hepacivirus/classificação , Hepacivirus/genética , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Prevalência , RNA Viral/sangue , RNA Viral/genética , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência , Vietnã/epidemiologia , Proteínas do Core Viral/genética , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan infection found worldwide. It usually produces non-specific symptoms, but in pregnant women and immunocompomised individuals, it may cause severe and fatal illness. Many serological studies have been done in various parts of the world, but information is lacking for Vietnam. A seroprevalence study of T gondii antibodies in Vietnamese villagers (n = 650) was performed using the Sabin-Feldman dye test. The average seroprevalence was 4.19% (95% CI = 1.78-4.62), including 6.36% (95% CI = 3.22-11.09), 4.73% (95% CI = 1.92-9.50) and 1.09% (95% CI = 0.23-3.15) from Nghe An, Lao Cai and Tien Giang provinces, respectively. This study confirmed the low prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Vietnam similar to other countries in the region. Further studies are necessary in order to provide a complete picture for the country.
