Chinese Immigrant Entrepreneurship in the United States: Temporal and Spatial Dimensions.

Focusing on transnational entrepreneurship and immigrant businesses in new destinations, this paper studies entrepreneurship of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. using data from three surveys. In the analysis of transnational connections, we focus on the temporal dimension that links pre-migration and post-migration business activities. Results from logistic models reveal that the prospect of being self-employed among Chinese immigrants is significantly enhanced if they are from households in China with business backgrounds. This finding highlights the fact that transnational entrepreneurship is embedded in the multi-stranded connections between the immigrant sending and receiving societies. In the second part of the paper, sequence analysis is used to describe and classify business trajectories in traditional and new immigrant destinations. The results establish that while it may take a longer time for immigrants to achieve business ownership in new destinations than in traditional destinations, new immigrant destinations increase the chance of business expansion from one business to multiple businesses. These findings indicate a transition in immigrant entrepreneurs' business models. Businesses in traditional destinations mainly follow a survival strategy, while those in new destinations are adopting models that are akin to mainstream business operations, which gives rise to more opportunities for socioeconomic mobility.

Progress in Application of Measuring Skeleton by CT in Forensic Anthropology Research / 法医学杂志

Individual identification by m easuring the hum an skeleton is an im portant research in the field of forensic anthropology. C om puted tom ography (C T ) technology can provide high-resolution im age of skeleton. Skeleton im age can be reform ed by softw are in the post-processing w orkstation. D ifferent skele-ton m easurem ent indexes of anthropology, such as diam eter, angle, area and volum e, can be m easured on section and reform ative im ages. M easurem ent process is barely affected by hum an factors. T his paper review s the literatures at hom e and abroad about the application of m easuring skeleton by C T in foren-sic anthropology research for individual identification in four aspects, including sex determ ination, height infer, facial soft tissue thickness m easurem ent and age estim ation. T he m ajor technology and the applica-tion of C T in forensic anthropology research are com pared and discussed, respectively.

The study of sex determination of sternum based on CT 3D recombinant techniques / 中国法医学杂志

Objective The chief aim of the present work is to investigate features of sternum of Chinese adults and to establish the sex determination method to evaluate its effect based on 3D recombinant morphology indicators. Methods Based on chest spiral CT scans, 2D images of multi-level recombination and 3D model of volume rendering, the experiment concludes an sex determination equation from 8 measurement indicators of the sternum and 3 ratio indicators. The 8 measurement indicators include full-length, handle length, body length, maximum width of the handle, maximum width of the body, maximum thickness of the handle, maximum thickness of the body, and thickness of the upper body. Results According to the 11 indicators of sex differences in statistics (P<0.05), especially indicators of the full-length, body length, maximum width of the handle and maximum thickness of the body, the body's sex is easier to be determined. All indicators equations, length indicators discriminant equations and stepwise discriminant equations have higher reliable rate (88.6%) which was consistent with the recent foreign research reports. Conclusion The method of sex determination based on multislice spiral CT 3D recombinant techniques is practicable and has an relatively high accuracy. It is expected to be applied to researches in age estimation by sternum and other virtual bones.

Effect of antisense CK13 genes on human nasopharyngeal carcinoma HNE1 cell transplantation tumor / 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科

[ABSTRACT]OBJECTIVEThe influnence of observation on the antisense cytokeratin 13 (CK13) gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma HNE1 cell transplantation tumor radiation sensitivity.METHODSHNE1 cell lines can be divided into control group: the control group (HNE1 cell) and lentivirus (transfection slow virus empty carrier) group and experimental group: HNE1-anti-CK13a (transfection antisense CK13a slow virus) and HNE1-anti-CK13b (transfection antisense slow virus CK13b) four groups, set up a corresponding animal model, after radiotherapy by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, PCR, Tunel method and Westernblotting detection.RESULTSThe cell cyclede tection of plasmid transfection slow virus group compared with control group after radiotherapy G2/M phase of the block were significantly prolonged; Immunohistochemical results showed emigration tumor CK13 expression decreased in the experimental group; Tunel method to detect apoptosis necrosis rate found that the experimental group,apoptosis rate significantly decreased; Western blotting detection caspase3 apoptosis markers. PCR to detect CDC25mRNA level decreased obviously.CONCLUSIONAntisense CK13 gene by regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis can reduce HNE1 transplantation tumor radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) sensitivity, and with the caspase 3 apoptotic pathways and CDC25 signaling pathways.

Selection and evaluation of facial characteristic indexes of frontal photo for personal identiifcation( / 中国法医学杂志

Objective This article aim to optimize facial characteristic indexes and to establish the standard of classiifcation by studying positive photos of Chinese Han nationality adults, and to investigate the personal identiifca-tion power ifnally. Methods Firstly, we determined the 27 facial characteristic indexes and standard of classiifcation. Secondly, we observed 254 positive photos of Chinese Han nationality adults. Finally, indexes and standard of classi-ifcation are evaluated through statistically analysising of observation data results and calculating personal identiifcation capability. Results Thirteen indexes gender differences are signiifcant. All 27 facial characteristic indexes are calculated. Male TDP(total discrimination power)=0.999 999 909 08, female TDP=0.999 999 919 82, overall TDP=0.999 999 868. Conclusion The more facial characteristic indexes and the more classiifcation and the higher degree of classiifcation, the higher personal identiifcation ability can be acquired.

Gender determination by Morphometry measuring of the 12th thoracic vertebra three-dimensional reconstruction image / 中国法医学杂志

Objective This article aims to investigate the effect of gender determination for measuring the 12th Thoracic Vertebra by using computed tomography (CT) and explore the feasibility for the research of human skeleton measuring by CT technique in the ifeld of forensic anthropology.Methods After ascertaining 11 radial line indicators,we measured Multi-planner Reformation (MPR)image of the 12th Thoracic Vertebra. Four ratio indicators were calculated after eliminating measurement uncertainty of results. We inspected the effect of gender determination for measuring the 12th Thoracic Vertebra by using computed tomography (CT) on account of statistical measurement data.Results Gender determination of 12 indicators is remarkable after eliminating 3 unstable indicators. Sevene quations were established. The equation established by centrum indicators predicted sex up to 91.6% accuracy.Conclusion The morphometry indicators of 12th Thoracic Vertebra have gender difference. CT technology can accurately measure skeleton and is valuale for study of human skeleton measuring research in the ifeld of forensic anthropology.

Emergent ghettos: black neighborhoods in New York and Chicago, 1880-1940.

This article studies in detail the settlement patterns of blacks in the urban North from before the Great Migration and through 1940, focusing on the cases of New York and Chicago. It relies on new and rarely used data sources, including census geocoded microdata from the 1880 census (allowing segregation patterns and processes to be studied at any geographic scale) and census data for 1900-1940 aggregated to enumeration districts. It is shown that blacks were unusually highly isolated in 1880 given their small share of the total population and that segregation reached high levels in both cities earlier than previously reported. Regarding sources of racial separation, neither higher class standing nor northern birth had much effect on whether blacks lived within or outside black neighborhoods in 1880 or 1940, and it is concluded that the processes that created large black ghettos were already in place several decades before 1940.

Migration within China and from China to the USA: the effects of migration networks, selectivity, and the rural political economy in Fujian Province.

This paper tests a new strategy for simultaneously studying internal migration within, and international migration from, China. Our theoretical discussion draws on ideas from migration-networks theory and studies of the transition to a market-oriented economy. Data collection is modelled on the Mexican Migration Project. We find that education is more important in initiating internal migration than international migration. Second, although the role of migration networks at a community level seems similar to that for Mexico-USA migration, the networks at a family level show a different pattern. Third, there is evidence that internal and international migration are competing options. Finally, we find that individuals with cadres (public officials) in the family are less likely to undertake internal migration, but more likely to participate in international migration, a finding that highlights the continuing significance of the cadres in coastal rural China.

Emigration from China in Comparative Perspective.

Comparative research on international migration has increasingly focused on immigrant integration rather than the process of emigration. By investigating the different streams of Chinese migration to the United States and Europe, as well as the different stages of Chinese migration to the U.S., this study examines the way in which both receiving and sending contexts combine to shape the process of emigration. Using data from a 2002-2003 survey of emigration from China's Fujian Province, we demonstrate that under restrictive exit and entry policies and high barriers to migration (i.e., clandestine migration from Fuzhou to the U.S.), resources such as migrant social capital, political capital (cadre resources), and human capital all play a crucial role in the emigration process. However, the roles of these resources in the migration process are limited when migration barriers are sufficiently low and when local governments adopt proactive policies promoting emigration (i.e., legal migration from Mingxi to Europe). Comparisons over time suggest that the importance of migrant social capital, political capital, and human capital has strongly persisted for Fuzhou-US emigration, as a result of tightening exit and entry policies. Despite these marked differences between Fuzhou and Mingxi emigration, the results also point to two general processes that are highly consistent across settings and over time-the cumulative causation of migration and the advantage conferred by traditional positional power (cadre status).

Cumulative causation, market transition, and emigration from China.

This article reports findings from a recent survey of international migration from China's Fujian Province to the United States. Using the ethnosurvey approach developed in the Mexican Migration Project, the authors conducted surveys in migrant-sending communities in China as well as in destination communities in New York City. Hypotheses are derived from the international migration literature and the market transition debate. The results are generally consistent with hypotheses derived from cumulative causation of migration; however, geographical location creates some differences in migration patterns to the United States. In China as in Mexico, the existence of migration networks increases the propensity of migration for others in the community. In contrast to the Mexican case, among Chinese immigrants, having a previously migrated household member increases the propensity of other household members to migrate only after the debt for previous migration is paid off. In step with market transition theory, the authors also find that political power influences the migration experience from the coastal Fujian Province.