Intracranial leptomeningeal CNS ganglioneuroblastoma. First report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: CNS ganglioneuroblastoma in an extremely rare embryonal tumour, specifically in the pediatric population. Bad prognosis is documented due to aggressiveness and absence of protocolized treatment at the moment. CLINICAL DESCRIPTION: We present the case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with sudden loss of consciousness. CT scan was performed showing a large posterior fossa lesion with several intraventricular focal lesions, suggesting metastases, the largest one located inside the III ventricle. The patient underwent a posterior fossa resection of the lesion and a subtotal resection of the III ventricle lesion, with adjuvant chemotherapy. The evolution was poor and the patient finally died 3 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Ganglioneuroblastoma is extremely likely to recur quickly and extensively. There is little knowledge about treatment options but is documented that gross total resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is the best management in these patients.

Disfonía como efecto secundario dosis dependiente del tratamiento con duloxetina / Dysphonia as side-effect dose-dependent during treatment with duloxetine

La duloxetina es un antidepresivo inhibidor de la recaptación de serotonina y noradrenalina (IRSN) utilizado para el tratamiento de la depresión mayor, así como el dolor neuropático. La dosis recomendada para el dolor neuropático es de 60 mg una vez al día

Duloxetine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) is indicated for the management of major depressive disorder and neuropathic pain. The dose recommended for neuropathic pain is 60 mg once a day

Válvula venosa yugular interna como causa de dificultad para acceso venoso central / Internal jugular venous valve as a cause of difficult central venous access

La canulación venosa central es un procedimiento habitual en el medio hospitalario, siendo la vena yugular interna uno de los vasos más frecuentemente escogido para realizar el acceso venoso central. La presencia de válvulas venosas en dicha vena es un hecho conocido al que habitualmente no se concede importancia durante la canulación venosa central. No obstante, las válvulas venosas pueden llegar a dificultar este procedimiento, incrementando la probabilidad de que ocurran complicaciones. Presentamos el caso de un paciente en el cual la presencia de una válvula venosa yugular interna impidió obtener un acceso vascular a través de este vaso

Central venous cannulation is a commonly performed procedure in the hospital setting, while the internal jugular vein is one of the most frequently used to perform central venous access. The presence of venous valves in the jugular veins is a well-known fact, albeit often neglected during central venous cannulation. However, venous valves can make this procedure difficult, increasing the chance of developing complications. We report the case of a patient in whom the presence of a valve in the internal jugular vein did not permit a vascular access to be obtained through this vessel