Eighteen-month safety analysis of offspring breastfed by mothers receiving glatiramer acetate therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis - COBRA study.

BACKGROUND: Safety data on disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) during breastfeeding are limited. OBJECTIVE: Assess safety outcomes for offspring breastfed by mothers undergoing glatiramer acetate (GA; Copaxone®) treatment. METHODS: This non-interventional, retrospective study used German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry data. Participants had RMS, a live birth, and received GA or no DMT during breastfeeding. RESULTS: GA cohort: 58 mothers/60 offspring; matched controls: 60 mothers/60 offspring; 86.7% (GA) and 25% (control) of offspring were born to mothers who had GA at some point during pregnancy. Maternal demographics and disease activity were comparable. Annualized number of hospitalizations was similar for breastfed offspring: 0.20 (95% confidence interval: 0.09-0.31; GA) and 0.25 (0.12-0.38, controls). Proportion of offspring requiring hospitalization was comparable between cohorts (18.33% vs. 20.00%). Annualized number of antibiotic uses was similar in both cohorts (0.22, 0.10-0.33 (GA) vs. 0.17, 0.06-0.27 (controls)) The proportion of offspring requiring antibiotics was 15.00% (both cohorts). More developmental delays were identified in controls versus the GA cohort (3 (5.36%) vs. 0). Growth parameters were comparable between cohorts. CONCLUSION: Maternal intake of GA during breastfeeding did not adversely affect offspring safety outcomes assessed during the first 18 months of life.

Safety of potential breast milk exposure to IFN-ß or glatiramer acetate: One-year infant outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether potential breast milk exposure to interferon-beta (IFN-ß) or glatiramer acetate (GA) is safe for the infant. METHODS: We identified 74 infants born to 69 women with MS who breastfed under IFN-ß (n = 39), GA (n = 34), or both (n = 1). Women had been enrolled into the German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry during pregnancy. Data were obtained from standardized, telephone-administered questionnaires completed by the mother during pregnancy and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum and the infant's take-home medical record. RESULTS: The median duration of exposed breastfeeding was 8.5 months (wide interquartile range: 4.9-12.7 months). Physical growth curves during the first year of life were consistent with national, sex-specific growth curves. Median body measurements were consistent with national medians. Most children (n = 71, 96%) had normal motor and language development. Gross motor delay was reported in 3 children, of whom 1 remained delayed at last follow-up (3.9 years old) and 2 were normal by 0.9 and 4.1 years old. The proportion of children hospitalized at least once (girls n = 2, 7%, and boys n = 6, 14%) and the proportion of children with at least one episode of systemic antibiotic use during the first year of life (girls n = 7, 23%, and boys n = 8, 18%) are consistent with national averages. CONCLUSION: Potential breast milk exposure to IFN-ß or GA did not increase the risk of common adverse infant outcomes in the first year of life. Taken together with the benefits of breastfeeding and low biological plausibility of risk, women with MS who wish to resume IFN-ß or GA postpartum can be encouraged to breastfeed.

Monoclonal antibody treatment during pregnancy and/or lactation in women with MS or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To assess possible adverse effects on breastfed infants of mothers receiving monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) during pregnancy and/or lactation. METHODS: We identified 23 patients from the German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry (DMSKW) who received MAbs (17 natalizumab and 6 anti-CD20) during lactation. Thirteen were already exposed to natalizumab during the third trimester of pregnancy, and 1 received ocrelizumab during pregnancy. Data were obtained from standardized, telephone-administered questionnaires completed by the mother during pregnancy and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Natalizumab concentration in mother's milk was analyzed in 3 patients and natalizumab serum concentration in 2 of these patients and their breastfed infants. RESULTS: We did not observe a negative impact on infant health and development attributable to breast milk exposure after a median follow-up of 1 year. Infants exposed to natalizumab during the third trimester had a lower birth weight and more hospitalizations in the first year of life. The concentration of natalizumab in breast milk and serum of infants was low; B cells normal in infants breastfed under anti-CD20. CONCLUSION: More data on the effect of Mab exposure during pregnancy are needed. Otherwise, our data suggest that treatment with natalizumab, ocrelizumab, or rituximab during lactation might be safe for breastfed infants.