Molecular maps of synovial cells in inflammatory arthritis using an optimized synovial tissue dissociation protocol.

In this study, we optimized the dissociation of synovial tissue biopsies for single-cell omics studies and created a single-cell atlas of human synovium in inflammatory arthritis. The optimized protocol allowed consistent isolation of highly viable cells from tiny fresh synovial biopsies, minimizing the synovial biopsy drop-out rate. The synovium scRNA-seq atlas contained over 100,000 unsorted synovial cells from 25 synovial tissues affected by inflammatory arthritis, including 16 structural, 11 lymphoid, and 15 myeloid cell clusters. This synovial cell map expanded the diversity of synovial cell types/states, detected synovial neutrophils, and broadened synovial endothelial cell classification. We revealed tissue-resident macrophage subsets with proposed matrix-sensing (FOLR2+COLEC12high) and iron-recycling (LYVE1+SLC40A1+) activities and identified fibroblast subsets with proposed functions in cartilage breakdown (SOD2highSAA1+SAA2+SDC4+) and extracellular matrix remodeling (SERPINE1+COL5A3+LOXL2+). Our study offers an efficient synovium dissociation method and a reference scRNA-seq resource, that advances the current understanding of synovial cell heterogeneity in inflammatory arthritis.

Removal of Azo Dyes from Water Using Natural Luffa cylindrica as a Non-Conventional Adsorbent.

Reducing high concentrations of pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, drugs, and dyes from water is an emerging necessity. We evaluated the use of Luffa cylindrica (Lc) as a natural non-conventional adsorbent to remove azo dye mixture (ADM) from water. The capacity of Lc at three different doses (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 g/L) was evaluated using three concentrations of azo dyes (0.125, 0.250, and 0.500 g/L). The removal percent (R%), maximum adsorption capacity (Qm), isotherm and kinetics adsorption models, and pH influence were evaluated, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed. The maximum R% was 70.8% for 10.0 g L-1Lc and 0.125 g L-1 ADM. The Qm of Lc was 161.29 mg g-1. Adsorption by Lc obeys a Langmuir isotherm and occurs through the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Statistical analysis showed that the adsorbent dose, the azo dye concentration, and contact time significantly influenced R% and the adsorption capacity. These findings indicate that Lc could be used as a natural non-conventional adsorbent to reduce ADM in water, and it has a potential application in the pretreatment of wastewaters.

Inhibition of corrosion on API 5L X52 pipeline steel in acid media by Tradescantia spathacea.

The concentration effect of Tradescantia spathacea (T. spathacea) as corrosion inhibitor of API 5L X52 steel in 0.5 M of H2SO4 was studied here through electrochemical and gravimetric techniques. To achieve it, samples of the material were prepared to be submitted to each of the tests. Results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that there was an optimum concentration of the inhibitor in which is reached the maximum inhibition efficiency, displaying the best inhibition characteristics for this system with a maximum inhibition of 89% by using 400 ppm. However, the efficiency decreased until 40% when the temperature was increased to 60°C. Potentiodynamic polarization curves (PDP) revealed that some of the present compounds of T. spathacea may affect anodic and cathodic process, so it can be classified as a mix-type corrosion inhibitor for API 5L X52 in sulfuric acid. Also, this compound followed an adsorption mechanism; this can be described through a Frumkin isotherm with an adsorption standard free energy difference (ΔG°) of -56.59 kJmol-1. Metal surface was studied through scanning electron microscope, results revealed that by adding inhibitor, the metal surface is protected; also, they evidenced low damages compared with the surface with no inhibitor. Finally, Tradescantia spathacea inhibited the corrosion process with 82% efficiency.

Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Compounds Isolated from Plants of Euphorbia Genus.

Euphorbia is a large genus of the Euphorbiaceae family. Around 250 species of the Euphorbia genus have been studied chemically and pharmacologically; different compounds have been isolated from these species, especially diterpenes and triterpenes. Several reports show that several species have anti-inflammatory activity, which can be attributed to the presence of diterpenes, such as abietanes, ingenanes, and lathyranes. In addition, it was found that some diterpenes isolated from different Euphorbia species have anti-cancer activity. In this review, we included compounds isolated from species of the Euphorbia genus with anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic effects published from 2018 to September 2023. The databases used for this review were Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Springer, and Google Scholar, using the keywords Euphorbia with anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic activity. In this review, 68 studies were collected and analyzed regarding the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of 264 compounds obtained from 36 species of the Euphorbia genus. The compounds included in this review are terpenes (95%), of which 68% are diterpenes, especially of the types ingenanes, abietanes, and triterpenes (approximately 15%).

Low Frequency of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Despite Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Corticosteroids in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease. It has been identified that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids can be essential risk factors for developing complications such as upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the safety profile of drugs used to treat RA focused in UGIB. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of patients with RA between 2015 and 2021, a description of the population, and an evaluation of the relationship with UGIB through bivariate analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 405 individuals, 16 presented UGIB (93.8% women, mean age was 65±13.6 years). No statistically significant differences were found regarding UGIB and medication use, except for the mean dose of corticosteroids. In the multivariate analysis, it was found that the presence of anemia in the last three months had an adjusted OR (ORA) of 16.1 (95% CI 2.74- 24.23) and higher HAQ values during the previous three months had an ORA of 6.17 (95% CI 1.79- 21.24). CONCLUSION: This study found a low frequency of UGIB in patients with RA. More significant disability and anemia in the previous months were independently associated with UGIB. The low frequency of NSAID use in this population is noteworthy. In general, reasonable medication use related to this complication is recommended.

Fishing for subsistence constitutes a livelihood safety net for populations dependent on aquatic foods around the world.

Fishing for subsistence constitutes a livelihood safety net for poverty, malnutrition and gender inequality for populations dependent upon aquatic foods around the world. Here we provide global estimates showing that almost the same amount of small-scale fishers engage in subsistence fishing at some point during the year as in commercial employment and use subsistence estimates to measure small-scale fisheries' livelihood safety net function. In 2016, we estimate that 52.8 million people were engaged in subsistence fishing at some point during the year, while another 60.2 million people were commercially employed (90% of global fisheries employment). From 14 country case studies, it was possible to estimate that the subsistence catch provided an average apparent intake of six nutrients critical for positive health outcomes, equivalent to 26% of the recommended daily nutrient intake for 112.5 million people, higher than the national average contribution of beef or poultry.

Estimating the economic impact of interpersonal violence in Mexico in 2021: projecting three hypothetical scenarios for 2030.

Objective: To calculate the economic impact of violence across Mexico in 2021 and project costs for 2021-2030. Methods: Incidence data was obtained from the Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System, (SESNSP), National Population Council (CONAPO), National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), and the National Survey of Victimization and Perception of Public Safety (ENVIPE). Our model incorporates incidence estimates of the costs of events associated with violence (e.g., homicides, hospitalizations, rapes, extortions, robbery, etc). Results: The economic impact of crime and violence in Mexico for the year 2021 has been estimated at about $192 billion US dollars, which corresponds to 14.6% of the national GDP. By reducing violence 50% by 2030, we estimate savings of at least US$110 billion dollars. This represents a saving of US$1 376 372 for each company and more than US$66 771 for each Mexican. Conclusion: Violence and homicides have become one of the most pressing public health and economic concerns for their effect on health, development, and economic growth. Due to low cost and high impact, prevention is the most efficient way to respond to crime and violence while also being an essential component of sustainable strategies aimed at improving citizen security.

Estimating the economic impact of interpersonal violence in Mexico in 2021: projecting three hypothetical scenarios for 2030

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To calculate the economic impact of violence across Mexico in 2021 and project costs for 2021–2030. Methods. Incidence data was obtained from the Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System, (SESNSP), National Population Council (CONAPO), National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), and the National Survey of Victimization and Perception of Public Safety (ENVIPE). Our model incorporates incidence estimates of the costs of events associated with violence (e.g., homicides, hospitalizations, rapes, extortions, robbery, etc). Results. The economic impact of crime and violence in Mexico for the year 2021 has been estimated at about $192 billion US dollars, which corresponds to 14.6% of the national GDP. By reducing violence 50% by 2030, we estimate savings of at least US$110 billion dollars. This represents a saving of US$1 376 372 for each com- pany and more than US$66 771 for each Mexican. Conclusion. Violence and homicides have become one of the most pressing public health and economic concerns for their effect on health, development, and economic growth. Due to low cost and high impact, prevention is the most efficient way to respond to crime and violence while also being an essential component of sustainable strategies aimed at improving citizen security.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Calcular el impacto económico de la violencia en el 2021 en todo México y proyectar sus costos para el período 2021–2030. Métodos. Los datos de incidencia se obtuvieron del Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Segu- ridad Pública (SESNSP), el Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO), el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), y la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Percepción sobre Seguridad Pública (ENVIPE). Nuestro modelo incorpora estimaciones de la incidencia de los costos de los eventos asociados a la violencia (por ejemplo, homicidios, hospitalizaciones, violaciones, extorsiones, robos, etc.) Resultados. Se ha estimado que el impacto económico del delito y la violencia en México para el año 2021 es de alrededor de US$ 192 000 millones de dólares estadounidenses, lo que corresponde al 14,6% del PIB nacional. Estimamos que una reducción del 50% de la violencia para el 2030 supondría un ahorro de al menos US$110 000 millones. Esto representa un ahorro de US$1 376 372 para cada empresa y de más de US$66 771 para cada mexicano. Conclusión. La violencia y los homicidios se han convertido en una de las preocupaciones económicas y de salud pública más apremiantes por su efecto sobre la salud, el desarrollo y el crecimiento económico. Debido a su bajo costo y alto impacto, la prevención es la forma más eficiente de responder al delito y la violencia, al tiempo que es un componente esencial de las estrategias sostenibles dirigidas a mejorar la seguridad ciudadana.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Estimar o impacto econômico da violência no México em 2021 e fazer a projeção de custos para o período 2021–2030. Métodos. Os dados de incidência da violência no país foram obtidos da Secretaria Executiva do Sistema Nacional de Segurança Pública (SESNSP), do Conselho Nacional de População (CONAPO), do Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Geografia (INEGI) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Vitimização e Percepção de Segu- rança Pública (ENVIPE). O modelo incorpora estimativas de incidência de custos de eventos associados à violência (como homicídios, internações hospitalares, estupros, extorsões e roubos). Resultados. O impacto econômico da criminalidade e da violência no México foi estimado em torno de US$192 bilhões em 2021, o que equivale a 14,6% do produto interno bruto (PIB) nacional. Estima-se que reduzir a violência em 50% até 2030 pode resultar em uma economia de US$ 110 bilhões ou mais, o que representa uma redução de gastos de US$1 376 372 para cada empresa e de mais de US$66 771 para cada cidadão do México. Conclusão. A violência e os homicídios são um dos problemas econômicos e de saúde pública mais pre- mentes por suas consequências à saúde, ao desenvolvimento e ao crescimento econômico do país. Devido ao seu baixo custo e alto impacto, a prevenção é a forma mais eficiente de combater a criminalidade e a violência, além de ser um componente essencial de qualquer estratégia sustentável para aumentar a segu- rança da população.

Estimating the economic impact of interpersonal violence in Mexico in 2021: projecting three hypothetical scenarios for 2030 / Estimación del impacto económico de la violencia interpersonal en México en el 2021: proyección de tres escenarios hipotéticos para el 2030 / Estimativa do impacto econômico da violência interpessoal no México em 2021: projeção de três cenários hipotéticos para 2030

ABSTRACT Objective. To calculate the economic impact of violence across Mexico in 2021 and project costs for 2021-2030. Methods. Incidence data was obtained from the Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System, (SESNSP), National Population Council (CONAPO), National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), and the National Survey of Victimization and Perception of Public Safety (ENVIPE). Our model incorporates incidence estimates of the costs of events associated with violence (e.g., homicides, hospitalizations, rapes, extortions, robbery, etc). Results. The economic impact of crime and violence in Mexico for the year 2021 has been estimated at about $192 billion US dollars, which corresponds to 14.6% of the national GDP. By reducing violence 50% by 2030, we estimate savings of at least US$110 billion dollars. This represents a saving of US$1 376 372 for each company and more than US$66 771 for each Mexican. Conclusion. Violence and homicides have become one of the most pressing public health and economic concerns for their effect on health, development, and economic growth. Due to low cost and high impact, prevention is the most efficient way to respond to crime and violence while also being an essential component of sustainable strategies aimed at improving citizen security.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Calcular el impacto económico de la violencia en el 2021 en todo México y proyectar sus costos para el período 2021-2030. Métodos. Los datos de incidencia se obtuvieron del Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública (SESNSP), el Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO), el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), y la Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Percepción sobre Seguridad Pública (ENVIPE). Nuestro modelo incorpora estimaciones de la incidencia de los costos de los eventos asociados a la violencia (por ejemplo, homicidios, hospitalizaciones, violaciones, extorsiones, robos, etc.) Resultados. Se ha estimado que el impacto económico del delito y la violencia en México para el año 2021 es de alrededor de US$ 192 000 millones de dólares estadounidenses, lo que corresponde al 14,6% del PIB nacional. Estimamos que una reducción del 50% de la violencia para el 2030 supondría un ahorro de al menos US$110 000 millones. Esto representa un ahorro de US$1 376 372 para cada empresa y de más de US$66 771 para cada mexicano. Conclusión. La violencia y los homicidios se han convertido en una de las preocupaciones económicas y de salud pública más apremiantes por su efecto sobre la salud, el desarrollo y el crecimiento económico. Debido a su bajo costo y alto impacto, la prevención es la forma más eficiente de responder al delito y la violencia, al tiempo que es un componente esencial de las estrategias sostenibles dirigidas a mejorar la seguridad ciudadana.

RESUMO Objetivo. Estimar o impacto econômico da violência no México em 2021 e fazer a projeção de custos para o período 2021-2030. Métodos. Os dados de incidência da violência no país foram obtidos da Secretaria Executiva do Sistema Nacional de Segurança Pública (SESNSP), do Conselho Nacional de População (CONAPO), do Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Geografia (INEGI) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Vitimização e Percepção de Segurança Pública (ENVIPE). O modelo incorpora estimativas de incidência de custos de eventos associados à violência (como homicídios, internações hospitalares, estupros, extorsões e roubos). Resultados. O impacto econômico da criminalidade e da violência no México foi estimado em torno de US$192 bilhões em 2021, o que equivale a 14,6% do produto interno bruto (PIB) nacional. Estima-se que reduzir a violência em 50% até 2030 pode resultar em uma economia de US$ 110 bilhões ou mais, o que representa uma redução de gastos de US$1 376 372 para cada empresa e de mais de US$66 771 para cada cidadão do México. Conclusão. A violência e os homicídios são um dos problemas econômicos e de saúde pública mais prementes por suas consequências à saúde, ao desenvolvimento e ao crescimento econômico do país. Devido ao seu baixo custo e alto impacto, a prevenção é a forma mais eficiente de combater a criminalidade e a violência, além de ser um componente essencial de qualquer estratégia sustentável para aumentar a segurança da população.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 3, 5-Diprenyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone Isolated from Ageratina pazcuarensis.

Inflammation is implicated in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. Plants are an important source of active anti-inflammatory compounds. The compound 3, 5-diprenyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) was isolated from the dichloromethane extract of the aerial parts of Ageratina pazcuarensis by chromatography and identified by spectroscopic (IR, NMR) and spectrometric (GC-MS) methods. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on ear edema mouse induced with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) at 2 mg/ear. The antioxidant activity of DHAP was determined using DPPH assay. Cell viability was tested in J774A.1 macrophages, the levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-10 production in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and membrane lysis induced by hypotonic solution in erythrocytes were evaluated. DHAP diminished the ear edema mouse in 70.10%, and it had scavenger effect against the radical with IC50 of 26.00 ± 0.37 µg/mL. Likewise, 91.78 µM of this compound inhibited the production of NO (38.96%), IL-1ß (55.56%), IL-6 (51.62%), and TNF-α (59.14%) in macrophages and increased the levels of IL-10 (61.20%). Finally, 25 and 50 µg/mL DHAP provided the greatest protection against erythrocyte membrane lysis. These results demonstrate that DHAP has anti-inflammatory activity.

Global patterns of illegal marine turtle exploitation.

Human exploitation of wildlife for food, medicine, curios, aphrodisiacs, and spiritual artifacts represents a mounting 21st-century conservation challenge. Here, we provide the first global assessment of illegal marine turtle exploitation across multiple spatial scales (i.e., Regional Management Units [RMUs] and countries) by collating data from peer-reviewed studies, grey literature, archived media reports, and online questionnaires of in-country experts spanning the past three decades. Based on available information, we estimate that over 1.1 million marine turtles were exploited between 1990 and 2020 against existing laws prohibiting their use in 65 countries or territories and in 44 of the world's 58 marine turtle RMUs, with over 44,000 turtles exploited annually over the past decade. Exploitation across the 30-year period primarily consisted of green (56%) and hawksbill (39%) turtles when identified by species, with hawksbills (67%) and greens (81%) comprising the majority of turtles exploited in the 1990s and 2000s, respectively, and both species accounting for similar levels of exploitation in the 2010s. Although there were no clear overarching trends in the magnitude or spatial patterns of exploitation across the three decades, there was a 28% decrease in reported exploitation from the 2000s to the 2010s. The 10 RMUs with the highest exploitation in the 2010s included seven green and three hawksbill turtle RMUs, with most reported exploitation occurring in RMUs that typically exhibit a low risk of population decline or loss of genetic diversity. Over the past decade, the number of RMUs with "moderate" or "high" exploitation impact scores decreased. Our assessment suggests that illegal exploitation appears to have declined over the past decade and, with some exceptions, is primarily occurring in large, stable, and genetically diverse marine turtle populations.

Small pelagic fish supply abundant and affordable micronutrients to low- and middle-income countries.

Wild-caught fish provide an irreplaceable source of essential nutrients in food-insecure places. Fishers catch thousands of species, yet the diversity of aquatic foods is often categorized homogeneously as 'fish', obscuring an understanding of which species supply affordable, nutritious and abundant food. Here, we use catch, economic and nutrient data on 2,348 species to identify the most affordable and nutritious fish in 39 low- and middle-income countries. We find that a 100 g portion of fish cost between 10 and 30% of the cheapest daily diet, with small pelagic fish (herring, sardine, anchovy) being the cheapest nutritious fish in 72% of countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, where nutrient deficiencies are rising, <20% of small pelagic catch would meet recommended dietary fish intakes for all children (6 months to 4 years old) living near to water bodies. Nutrition-sensitive policies that ensure local supplies and promote consumption of wild-caught fish could help address nutrient deficiencies in vulnerable populations.

Bioactivity of a Linoleic Acid-Rich Fraction of Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) Leaves against the Yellow Sugarcane Aphid, Sipha flava (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

ABSTRACT: The insecticidal activity of a Ricinus communis leaf hexane extract and its fractions against adult yellow sugarcane aphids (Sipha flava) was evaluated using a contact bioassay after fumigation. The n-hexane extract at 10,000 ppm achieved the highest mortality (80%); the positive control had 100% mortality and the negative control had only 4% mortality over the 72-h experiment time. Chemical fractionation of the hexane extract of R. communis leaves produced multiple fractions, and 10,000 ppm of the F4 fraction resulted in 92% aphid mortality at 72 h. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the F4 fraction revealed linoleic acid as the major compound (84.5%). The R. communis n-hexane extract and linoleic acid could be used for integrated pest control as an ecologically friendly alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides.

El médico (2013): Medicina en la Edad Media / The physician (2013): Medicine in the Middle Ages

En la Inglaterra del siglo XI, un huérfano de 8 años llegará a ser el aprendiz de un cirujano-barbero. Aprende las habilidades básicas de este oficio (sacar dientes, hacer sangrías y pequeñas cirugías) pero no es suficiente. Así que decidirá llegar a ser un médico. Para ello, viajará a Oriente Medio donde se encuentra la más famosa escuela de Medicina. En Persia, logrará entrar como alumno en la madrasa de Ibn Sina (Avicena) donde recibirá una formación teórica y práctica de la medicina, así como de otras disciplinas para lograr ser un médico. (AU)

England, XI century, an 8-year-old orphan becomes a surgeon-barber apprentice. Learning basic skills of this trade (pulling teeth, bloodletting and minor surgeries) but this is not enough. So he decides to become a physician travelling to Middle East, where the most famous medical school of the world was. In Persia, he will be able to enroll as student at Ibn Sina´s madrasa (Avicenna) where he will receive theoretical and practical training in medicine as well as other disciplines to become a physician. (AU)

Mentes brillantes (2018): Una odisea para conseguir una plaza en medicina / Brilliant minds (2018): An odyssey to get enrolled in medicine

Antoine y Benjamin son dos jóvenes franceses que, tras haber terminado sus estudios de bachillerato en ciencias, coindicen en el curso preparatorio para elegir su futura carrera universitaria. Solo aquellos que consigan las mejores notas y por tanto los mejores puestos al final del curso podrán elegir medicina. Mientras que para Antoine; que no tiene una mente especialmente brillante, pero si una capacidad de sufrimiento y de estudio ilimitado, el conseguir una plaza para estudiar medicina es lo más importante en su vida, para Benjamin; cuyo padre es cirujano digestivo, y le resulta relativamente fácil sacar buenas notas, no tiene clara su vocación. La película plantea una crítica sobre cuáles son los parámetros que determinan quienes deben ser aceptados para estudiar medicina así como la creciente competitividad entre los posibles candidatos, donde a la hora de la verdad, tus amigos pasan a ser competidores y por tanto enemigos. (AU)

Antoine and Benjamin are two french teenagers, after having finished their high school studies in science, who met in the preparatory course for their future university career. Only those who get the best grades and therefore the best positions at the end of the course will be able to choose medicine. While for Antoine; that he does not have an especially brilliant mind, but if an unlimited capacity for suffering and study, getting a place to study medicine is the most important thing in his life, for Benjamin; whose father is a digestive surgeon, and it is relatively easy for him to get good grades, his vocation is unclear. The film raises a criticism about what are the parameters that determine who should be accepted to study medicine as well as the increasing competitiveness among potential candidates, where at the end, your friends become competitors and therefore enemies. (AU)

25 años después del estreno de Philadelphia (1993), ¿Qué cosas han cambiado en la infección por VIH? / 25 years after Philadelphia (1993) premiere, what things have changed in HIV infection?

En el presente año 2019 se han cumplido 25 años del estreno de la película Philadelhia de Jonathan Demme, que en nuestro país se produjo en marzo de 1994. Pretendemos con este artículo hacer una reflexión de los cambios que se han producido en la infección HIV tanto en el diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronostico así como en el ámbito social: cuando se presenta la película hacía unos 10 años de los primeros casos, se contemplaba la infección por HIV como una enfermedad con un amplio rechazo social con estigmatización de varios grupos de riesgo (homosexuales, adictos por vía intravenosa y hemofílicos) y las vías de contagio, el diagnóstico solía hacerse en fases tardías de la enfermedad con cuadros de inmunodeficiencia severa como sarcoma de Kaposi, neumonía por Pneumocystis carinii, toxoplasmosis cerebral y meningitis por criptococo y los tratamientos eran poco efectivos. En la actualidad, el diagnóstico y tratamiento es mucho más precoz y efectivo y la estigmatización social ha desaparecido

In present year 2019, 25 years of the premiere of the film Philadelhia by Jonathan Demme have been fulfilled, which in our country took place in March 1994. With this paper, we try to make a reflection of the changes that have occurred in HIV infection in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis as well as in the social field: when the film was presented about 10 years later first patients were diagnosed, HIV infection was considered as a disease with widespread social rejection with stigmatization of several risk groups (homosexuals, intravenous drug users and hemophiliacs) and ways of transmission, diagnosis was usually made in late stages of the disease with severe immunodeficiency symptoms such as Kaposi's sarcoma, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cerebral toxoplasmosis and cryptococcal meningitis and the treatments were ineffective. At present, diagnosis and treatment is much earlier and more effective and social stigmatization has disappeared

Infarto perioperatorio y cirugía no cardíaca / Perioperative infarction and non-cardiac surgery

Introduction: Perioperative cardiovascular events occur in up to 5-8% of all patients older than 45 years undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Objective: The objective of this article is to perform an updated narrative review about perioperative infarction that occurs in the context of non-cardiac surgery. Methods: A search was proposed with different combinations of the terms: Myocardial infarction (MeSH), perioperative period (Majr), postoperative period (Majr) and anesthesia (MeSH), in PubMed (Medline), OVID y EMBASE databases. Results: Around 29 articles were found with important information for the present review. Conclusions: Myocardial injury, as well as perioperative infarction are common entities, but difficult to diagnose. Its identification and prompt treatment generate a great impact on morbidity and mortality, which is why its active search should be carried out, especially in patients with high cardiovascular risk.

Introducción: Los eventos cardiovasculares perioperatorios ocurren hasta en un 5%-8% de todos los pacientes mayores de 45 años sometidos a cirugía no cardíaca. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente artículo es realizar una revisión narrativa actualizada acerca del infarto perioperatorio que ocurre en el contexto de la cirugía no cardíaca. Metodología: Se planteó una búsqueda con distintas combinaciones de los términos: Myocardial infarction (MeSH), perioperative period (Majr), postoperative period (Majr), anesthesia (MeSH), en las bases de datos PubMed (Medline), OVID y EMBASE. Resultados: Se encontraron alrededor de 29 artículos con información importante para la realizar la presente revisión. Conclusiones: La lesión miocárdica, así como el infarto perioperatorios son entidades frecuentes, pero de difícil diagnóstico. Su identificación y pronto tratamiento genera un gran impacto sobre la morbimortalidad, por lo que debe realizarse su búsqueda activa, especialmente en pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular elevado.

Effects of Bactericera cockerelli Herbivory on Volatile Emissions of Three Varieties of Solanum lycopersicum.

Domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops have presented an increased susceptibility to pests under field and greenhouse conditions. Among these pests is tomato/potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli Sulc (Hemiptera: Triozidae), a major pest in solanaceous crops. In this study, we evaluated volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the headspace in three healthy varieties of tomato plants (Floradade, Micro-Tom and wild) under greenhouse conditions using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). Later, independent bioassays were performed to evaluate VOC emissions with three varieties infested with nymphs of B. cockerelli. The results in healthy plants showed markedly different VOC profiles in each variety (14 compounds for wild, 17 for Floradade and 4 for Micro-Tom). Plants infested with nymphs showed changes in VOC emissions distinctly in Floradade and wild varieties. We suggest that these qualitative differences in VOC profiles by the degree of domestication could explain the preferences of B. cockerelli.