Effect of cigarette smoking on the oxidant/antioxidant balance in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cigarette smoking has been associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Even though the molecular mechanism(s) are not clear, the pathology has been related to oxygen free radicals present in cigarette smoke. Thus, the main objective of this study was to establish the changes in the oxidation/antioxidation balance induced by cigarette smoking. METHODS: Thirty healthy subjects (15 smokers and 15 nonsmokers) of both sexes were studied. The smokers group had smoked a mean of 14 cigarettes per day for an average of 4.5 years. Fasting serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), and vitamin C (ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids) were measured. RESULTS: Fasting NO concentration was significantly higher in smokers (51.3 +/- 5.3 microM) than in nonsmokers (35.2 +/- 4.8 microM, P < 0.05). The smokers had significantly higher serum dehydroascorbic acid levels (2.4 +/- 0.5 mg/dL, P < 0.03) than the nonsmokers (1.08 +/- 0.08 mg/dL). No significant differences were observed in the levels of ascorbic acid, MDA, and GSH between the smokers and nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that exposure to cigarette smoke increases NO synthesis, such that NO may act in a compensatory way as an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. Smoking also activates other antioxidative mechanisms such as involving vitamin C. These protective mechanisms appear to be enough in preventing accumulation of oxidative products such as MDA and avoiding oxidative damage.

Lactitol en dosis elevadas incrementa la glicemia, HDL-colesterol y disminuye el LDL-colesterol sin cambios en el colesterol total en ratas Sprague-Dawley / Lactitol high dose increases the blood glucose, HDL-cholesterol and lowers LDL cholesterol without changes in total cholesterol in Sprague-Dawley rats

Con el fin de estudiar el efecto del lactitol sobre la glicemia y el perfil líp¡dico de ratas Sprague-Dawley, fue administrado lactitol durante 12 semanas a 80 ratas macho, jóvenes divididos en cuatro grupos que recibieron lactitol en dosis de 0,3 g/Kg/día; 1 g/Kg/día y 5 g/Kg/día y solución salina al 0,9 por ciento para medir antes y después del tratamiento glicemia, colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c y triacilglicéridos. Los resultados indican que el lactitol a una dosis elevada (5g/Kg/día) es capaz de incrementar significativamente la glicemia (91,35±5,1 vs. 124,69±5,7 mg/dl; p<0,05), el HDL-c (32,09±1,8 vs. 59,92±2,2 mg/dl; p<0,05) y disminuir el LDL-c (31,45±4,5 vs. 17,71±3,1 mg/dl; p<0,05) sin producir cambios en la concentración de colesterol total. Estos resultados nos permiten concluir que el lactitol, a pesar de ser un polialcohol que no se absorbe en intestino, es capaz de modificar la glicemia y el perfil líp¡dico de ratas probablemente por acción de los productos de su degradación por la flora bacteriana intestinal.